现在完成时是英语语法中的一个时态,用于描述过去发生的行为对现在产生的影响或结果。其基本结构为:主语+have/has(助动词)+动词的过去分词。以下是它的常见用法:
(1) 已完成了的动作(finished actions)
在以下情况下,我们用现在完成时来表示完成动作:
没有说明事情发生的时间,例如:"I've bought my mother a present.";
或者过去的动作在现在产生了结果,例如:"I've made a cake. Would you like some?"
(2)检查事情(check things out)
用现在完成时来检查某件事是否已经做了或已经发生;
例如:"Has mom arrived?”"Yes, she has." "妈妈到了吗?""到了"。
或"Have you sent an e-mail to Joe confirming the date of our meeting?”“你给乔发电子邮件确认我们的会议日期了吗?"
(3) 发布消息/新闻 (news)
我们经常用现在完成时来发布消息或新闻,告诉人们新发生的事情。
例如:“Somebody has stolen my car.” "有人偷了我的车。"
“Dad,the goldfish has died.” "爸爸,金鱼死了。"
“A plane has crashed in Peru.” "一架飞机在秘鲁坠毁。"
(4)直到现在(up to now)(与since/for连用)
我们用现在完成时来表示从过去开始的事情持续到现在的时间。
FOR--对应时间段,用于肯定句和否定句,置于宾语后。
“She has worked as a singer for 6 years." "她当了 6 年歌手。"
SINCE--对应时间起始点,用于肯定句和否定句,置于宾语后或句首。
“I've been here since Tuesday," "我从星期二开始就在这里了。"
(5)事情发生到现在的次数 (times)
我们通常用现在完成时来表示到现在为止我们已经做了多少事情,或者一个动作重复了多少次,或与表达次数的单词连用: once, twice, three times, many times等
例如:
“Joe has drunk eight cups of coffee today." "乔今天喝了八杯咖啡。"
"I haven't smoked any cigarettes this week.” " "我这周没抽过烟。"
“I have traveled to London twice.” “我去过伦敦两次。”
(6)使用特定连词时(just, already, yet)
使用特定连词时,我们用现在完成时。
just 刚刚 (a short time ago) (不久前),用于肯定句,置于谓语动词前。
例如:“I've just arrived from Spain.” "我刚从西班牙赶来。"
already已经 (earlier than expected) (比预期的早),用于肯定句,置于谓语动词前。
例如:“You're late. We have already started." "你迟到了,我们已经开始了。"
yet 还 (up to now)(到现在为止)用于疑问句和否定句,置于句尾。
例如:"Have you spoken to John yet? No,not yet. He hasn't come in yet.” "你和约翰谈过了吗?还没有。他还没进来"。
(7)曾经(ever / never)
我们用现在完成时来指一个人一生中到现在为止的任何时间,与ever/never连用,置于谓语动词前。
ever 曾经,用于疑问句。
“Have you ever written a book? ““你写过书吗?”
never 从未,用于否定句(自带否定意义)。
“I’ve never lived alone.” “我从未独自生活过。”
(8)其他标志词
GONE--表去了(尚未回来)。
BEEN--表去过(已回来)。
They have gone to France. (They are in France now.)
They have been to France. (They are now at home again.)
当句尾使用today/this morning /this month /this year...,表示说话时提到的时间尚未结束,使用现在完成时。
She has written four letters this morning. (仍是早上)