48个音标学习
演说者：Andreea S. Calude
演说题目：学英语，语法真的重要吗？
很多人问我，学英语要不要好好学语法，其实我的经验告诉我，正确的语法学习是帮助我们更加了解句子结构的。好比我们平常说汉语，真的每句话都带主谓宾的吗？不一定吧？一起来看看TED的4分钟教育动画，也许你能得到答案！
中英双语TED演讲稿
You're telling a friend an amazing story, and you just get to the best part when suddenly he interrupts, "The alien and I," not "Me and the alien."
你正在给朋友讲一个精彩的故事，刚讲到最精彩的部分时，他突然打断了你说：应该是“外星人和我” 而不是“我和外星人"。
Most of us would probably be annoyed, but aside from the rude interruption, does your friend have a point? Was your sentence actually grammatically incorrect?
许多人都会对这种行为感到反感，先抛开无礼的打断不谈，来想一下你朋友说的有道理吗？你说的这句话从语法上讲 真的是错的吗？
And if he still understood it, why does it even matter? From the point of view of linguistics, grammar is a set of patterns for how words are put together to form phrases or clauses, whether spoken or in writing.
要是他依旧能理解你的意思，那么这样做又有什么意义呢？从语言学的角度来看，语法就是一系列规则，教你怎样在口语和写作中用单词构成短语和句子。
Different languages have different patterns. In English, the subject normally comes first, followed by the verb, and then the object, while in Japanese and many other languages, the order is subject, object, verb.
不同的语言有着不同的规则。比如在英语中，主语通常放在最前面，谓语动词跟在主语后面，宾语则放在最后，而在日语和其他许多语言中，顺序却变成了主语、宾语和谓语动词。
Some scholars have tried to identify patterns common to all languages, but apart from some basic features, like having nouns or verbs, few of these so-called linguistic universals have been found.
一些学者尝试找到适用于所有语言的规则，但是除了一些基本的属性，比如所有语言都有名词和动词，所谓的语言上的共性几乎是不存在的。
And while any language needs consistent patterns to function, the study of these patterns opens up an ongoing debate between two positions known as prescriptivism and descriptivism.
尽管所有语言都得按照一套固定的规则来，但有两方观点在这些规则的研究上始终争论不休，即规定主义和描写主义 。
Grossly simplified, prescriptivists think a given language should follow consistent rules, while descriptivists see variation and adaptation as a natural and necessary part of language. For much of history, the vast majority of language was spoken. But as people became more interconnected and writing gained importance, written language was standardized to allow broader communication and ensure that people in different parts of a realm could understand each other.
简单来说，规定主义认为一门既定的语言要遵循固定的规则，而描写主义则认为变化和调整是语言正常且必要的一部分。绝大多数语言在其大部分历史时期中都是用于口头的交流，不过随着人们相互之间联系的增多，书写的地位开始提升，于是书面语开始规范化以适用于更为广泛的交流，同时也确保了不同地方的人能够理解这些语言所表达的意思。
In many languages, this standard form came to be considered the only proper one, despite being derived from just one of many spoken varieties, usually that of the people in power. Language purists worked to establish and propagate this standard by detailing a set of rules that reflected the established grammar of their times. And rules for written grammar were applied to spoken language, as well.
对于大多数语言而言，这一标准形式被认为是唯一合适的，但实际上它却是从众多不同的口语形式中脱颖而出且通常情况下来自掌权的一方。通过将那个时代已有的一系列语法规则详尽记录下来，语言纯粹主义者们开始建立并传播这一标准。
Speech patterns that deviated from the written rules were considered corruptions, or signs of low social status, and many people who had grown up speaking in these ways were forced to adopt the standardized form.
书面语言所涉及的语法同样也适用于口语，而那些偏离了书面语语法的口语则被认为是错误的，或者是社会地位低下的表现。于是许多从小就按照这一规则说话的人，被迫开始接受标准的语法规则。
More recently, however, linguists have understood that speech is a separate phenomenon from writing with its own regularities and patterns. Most of us learn to speak at such an early age that we don't even remember it.
直到最近，语言学家才意识到口语和书面语完全是两码事。口语有它自己的规律性和模式，在我们还不能记事的时候，就开始学习说话了，那个时候更多是通过下意识的行为来构建说话技能，而不是记住那些规则。
We form our spoken repertoire through unconscious habits, not memorized rules. And because speech also uses mood and intonation for meaning, its structure is often more flexible, adapting to the needs of speakers and listeners.
由于口语也会用到语气和语调来传达意思，所以它的结构更加地多样化，会根据说话者和听者的需求进行调整。
This could mean avoiding complex clauses that are hard to parse in real time, making changes to avoid awkward pronounciation, or removing sounds to make speech faster. The linguistic approach that tries to understand and map such differences without dictating correct ones is known as descriptivism. Rather than deciding how language should be used, it describes how people actually use it, and tracks the innovations they come up with in the process.
这就意味着在说话时应该避免一些难以理解的复杂句子，做出适当调整避免一些尴尬的发音，或是通过略读让语速加快。尝试去理解和比对语法上的这些差异，却不定义对错的语言学方法被称为描写主义，相比于决定该如何使用语言，描写主义更倾向于叙述人们实际上是怎样使用语言的，并追溯在这一过程中出现的一些新方法。
But while the debate between prescriptivism and descriptivism continues, the two are not mutually exclusive. At its best, prescriptivism is useful for informing people about the most common established patterns at a given point in time.
尽管描写主义和规定主义之间的争论会一直持续下去，但它们二者之间并不是互相排斥的。规定主义可以在某个特定的时间点，告诉人们最为通用的确定模式 。
This is important, not only for formal contexts, but it also makes communication easier between non-native speakers from different backgrounds.
这一点不仅在正式场合很重要，也使得来自不同国家、不同背景的非母语人士交流起来更加容易。
Descriptivism, on the other hand, gives us insight into how our minds work and the instinctive ways in which we structure our view of the world.
另一方面，描写主义会让我们看到自己的想法如何运作，以及如何本能地构建自己的世界观。
Ultimately, grammar is best thought of as a set of linguistic habits that are constantly being negotiated and reinvented by the entire group of language users.
从根本上说，语法顶多被认为是一系列不断被所有的语言使用者争论和改造的语言习惯。
Like language itself, it's a wonderful and complex fabric woven through the contributions of speakers and listeners, writers and readers, prescriptivists and descriptivists, from both near and far.
就像语言本身，像一匹精美复杂的布，经由从古至今的说话者和听众、作者和读者、规定主义者和描写主义者们的共同努力编织而成！
来源：TED英语演说
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