48个音标学习
Have you ever noticed how the full moon looks bigger when it's near the horizon than when it's high over head?
你注意到了吗？满月在接近地平线时比高挂空中时看起来大一些。
If so, you're not alone.
如果你注意到了，你就不孤独了。
People have wondered about this strange effect since ancient times, and surprisingly, we still don't have a great explanation, but that's not for lack of trying.
人们长久以来对这个奇怪现象惊奇不已，令人惊讶的是，我们仍然没有一个完美解释，但这不是因为我们没有努力去寻找解释。
Some of the greatest minds in history, Aristotle, Ptolemy, Da Vinci, Decartes, have all wrestled with this problem and failed to generate an adequate explanation.
历史上的一些伟人，如亚里士多德、托勒密、达芬奇笛卡尔，都曾试过解释这个问题，却都铩羽而归。
One of the first ideas suggested was that the image of the moon in the sky really is bigger near the horizon.
最初的一种观点是月亮在空中时成的像确实比接近地平线时大一些。
Perhaps the Earth's atmosphere acts like a giant lens, magnifying the moon as it rises and sets.
或许地球的大气层就像一面巨大透镜，在月亮升起和降落时放大它的图像。
But this explanation doesn't cut it.
但是这个解释并不合理。
If anything, the refraction of the atmosphere would make the moon look slightly smaller.
如果真有大气层折射，它应该是让月亮看起来小一点儿。
Plus, if you actually measure the size of the visible moon at different positions, it doesn't change at all.
而且，如果你真的在不同地点测量月亮可见部分的尺寸，会发现它没有变化。
But then, why does it still seem bigger when it's rising?
那么，为什么月亮升起时会显得大一些呢？
This must be some kind of optical illusion.
这一定是某种视错觉。
The question is, which one?
问题是，是哪一种视错觉？
One explanation is the Ebbinghaus Illusion, where two identical objects look different because of the relative size of the objects they're surrounded by.
一种解释是艾宾浩斯错觉，即两个相同的物体会因为它们与周围物体的相对尺寸而显得不一样大。
Here the two center circles are actually the same size.
这两个中心圆事实上一样大。
Maybe the moon looks bigger near the horizon because it's next to tiny trees, houses, and towers in the distance.
或许月亮在接近地面时显得大是因为它附近有小树、房子和远处的塔楼。
But when the moon is higher up, it's surrounded by the vast darkness of the night sky and looks tiny by comparison.
而当月亮在高空中时，它被茫茫黑夜环绕，所以相对来说显得小了。
Another possibility is the famous Ponzo Illusion.
另一种解释是著名的庞佐错觉。
If you've ever tried to draw in perspective, you know that the closer something is to the horizon, the smaller you should draw it.
如果你曾经试过透视画法就会知道，一样东西越靠近地平线就该画得越小。
Our brain compensates automatically for this by perceiving objects near the horizon as larger than they actually appear.
我们的大脑自动弥补了这样的透视效果，使得地平线附近的物体在我们脑海中的形象比实际更大。
The two yellow lines in this drawing are the same size, but the upper one seems bigger because we interpret it as receding farther into the horizon.
这幅画里两条黄线是一样的尺寸，但上面那一条看起来更长，因为我们觉得它更接近地平线，所以应该比画里面显得更长。
So, between Ponzo and Ebbinghaus, it seems like we've solved the mystery of the moon illusion, but, unfortunately, there are a few details that complicate things.
那么，通过庞佐和艾宾浩斯错觉，我们似乎解决了这个月球错觉的问题，但不幸的是，还有一些细节让事情不那么简单。
For one thing, if this was just the Ebbinghaus effect, then we would expect the moon illusion to disappear for pilots flying high above the clouds since there wouldn't be any other smaller objects near the horizon.
首先，如果真是艾宾浩斯效应，那么我们应该预期月球错觉对于空中的飞行员来说不起作用，因为对他们来说，在地平线附近没有什么小物体可以用来作比较。
But in fact, pilots and sailors out on the ocean still claim to see the moon illusion.
但事实上，飞行员和大洋上的水手仍声称他们看到了月球错觉。
On the other hand, if it's just our brain's autocorrecting the size of objects near the horizon, then we'd expect the moon illusion to be visible inside a planetarium, where the whole sky, including the horizon, is displayed on a spherical dome overhead.
另一方面，如果它只是因为我们大脑的自动纠正功能使得地平线附近的物体尺寸有变化，那么我们应该预期月球错觉在天文观测台内仍然有效，在那里，整个天空包括地平线都在头顶的球形屋顶上。
Studies have shown, though, that this is not the case.
但是研究表明并非如此。
To make matters worse, it seems the moon illusion disappears entirely if you just bend over and look at the moon between your legs.
更糟的是，如果你弯下腰，从两腿间看月亮，月球错觉似乎完全消失了。
Now, this is just getting ridiculous!
这岂不是荒谬！
One of the most promising explanations today is known as Convergence Micropsia.
目前最有希望的解释之一是收敛性视物显小症。
Our brains judge the distance to objects and their apparent size by the focus of our eyes.
我们的大脑通过眼睛的聚焦来判断与物体的距离以及它们的尺寸。
When looking at the horizon, your eyes focus far off into the distance so your brain knows you're looking far away.
当我们看地平线时，眼睛聚焦在极远的地方，这样你的大脑就知道你在看远方了。
The moon appears a certain size.
月亮看起来有一定的尺寸。
Your brain thinks it's far away, which it is, so you naturally conclude the moon must be big.
你的大脑认为月亮在很远的地方，它确实是很远，所以你自然地认为月球一定很大。
But when looking up at the night sky, there's nothing for your eyes to focus on, so they default to their rest focus, which is a point just a few meters away.
但是当你看天空的时候，没有东西可以让你的眼睛聚焦，所以眼睛默认是平常焦距，焦点只有几米远。
Now your brain thinks the moon is much closer than it really is, so you naturally conclude the moon's not as big as you thought it was.
现在你的大脑认为月球距离你很近，远比实际距离要近，所以你的大脑自然得认为月球并没有你想象的那么大。
Rather than explain why the moon looks so big near the horizon, Convergence Microspia explains why the moon looks so small when overhead.
尽管它并没有解释为什么月球在地平线附近显得大，但收敛性视物显小症解释了为什么月球在空中看起来显得小。
Still not satisfied?
还是不满意？
Well, frankly, neither are many scientists, so the debate over the moon illusion still rages on and may continue as long as we still see it in the night sky.
好吧，老实说，很多科学家也不满意。所以关于这个现象的争论仍在继续，说不定只要我们一日能见到夜空中的月球，这争论就一日都不会停止。
来源：TED演说
长按识别二维码可关注该微信公众平台
往期回顾
TED演讲80篇
【TED】如何随处种小型森林？
【TED】从遥远的星系中我们可以学到什么？
【TED】来自阿拉伯职业女性的成功经验
【TED】为什么竞争者要把店开在彼此旁边？
【TED】连续11天不睡觉会怎么样？
【TED】你正在为自己创造着怎样的现实？
【TED】智商测试的那些黑历史
【TED】改变自以为高效的“疯狂忙碌”