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Bai Juyi, courtesy name Letian, styled
himself Xiangshan Jushi, was an outstanding realistic poet in the Tang Dynasty.
He was born in the 7th year of the Dali era of Emperor Daizong of the Tang
Dynasty (772 AD) and passed away in the 6th year of the Huichang era of Emperor
Wuzong (846 AD). As a leading figure in the literary circle during the Mid-Tang
Dynasty, Bai Juyi, with his approachable poetic style, profound concern for
reality, and the literary concept of "articles should be written for the
times, and poems should be written for the events", had a profound impact
on later generations.
Bai Juyi was born into a small bureaucratic
family. He was intelligent and studious since childhood and became famous for
his poetic talent in his youth. He entered the official career through the
imperial examination and held positions such as collator, governor of Hangzhou,
governor of Suzhou, etc. In his later years, he retired to Luoyang due to being
tired of the officialdom and took the sobriquet "Drunken Chanting
Gentleman". Although Bai Juyi's official career had ups and downs, during
his tenure, he was diligent in serving the people. Especially when he was in
the position of governor of Hangzhou, he dredged the West Lake and built a dyke
for flood prevention, leaving behind the famous "Bai Di", which is
still praised by people to this day.
Bai Juyi's poetry is known for its simple
content and clear and easy-to-understand language. He advocated that poetry
should be close to life and serve society so that ordinary people can
understand and appreciate it, which made him enjoy extremely high reputation
among the people and was honored as "Poetry Devil" and "Poetry
King". His works can be roughly divided into four categories: satirical
poems, leisure poems, sentimental poems, and miscellaneous regulated poems.
Among them, satirical poems are the most praised ones, such as "The
Charcoal Seller" and "The Broken-Armed Old Man in Xinfeng",
which deeply expose the darkness of society and the suffering of the common
people at the bottom, expressing the poet's deep humanistic concern.
Bai Juyi's literary concept emphasizes the
social function of literature. He believes that literature should
"supplement and observe the political situation" and "drain and
guide human emotions". This concept is fully expounded in his "Letter
to Yuan Zhen". The New Yuefu Movement that he and Yuan Zhen jointly
advocated advocated restoring the ancient system of collecting poems and
created a large number of new title Yuefu poems that reflect reality and
criticize current ills, which had an important impact on later literature,
especially the literary reform movement in the Song Dynasty.
Bai Juyi's poetic style is approachable and
sincere in emotion. It not only has the realistic spirit of "articles
should be written for the times", but also has no shortage of love for
natural beauty and deep understanding of life philosophy. In his later years,
he tended more towards Buddhist thought and often regarded himself as
"Xiangshan Jushi". There are many insights about the impermanence of
life and transcending the earthly world in his poems, showing a spiritual realm
of indifference to fame and fortune and tranquility.
Bai Juyi's life is a life that attaches
equal importance to literature and politics. He uses his pen as a sword and his
poem as a mirror, not only criticizing current ills, but also expressing his
temperament, and even pursuing the purification and sublimation of the soul.
His poetry not only records the features of an era but also reflects the poet's
pursuit of an ideal society and exploration of life philosophy.
白居易，字乐天，号香山居士，唐代杰出的现实主义诗人，生于唐代宗大历七年（公元772年），逝于唐武宗会昌六年（公元846年）。作为中唐时期文坛的领军人物，白居易以其平易近人的诗风、深刻的现实关怀以及提倡的“文章合为时而著，歌诗合为事而作”的文学理念，对后世产生了深远的影响。
白居易出生在一个小官僚家庭，自幼聪明好学，青年时期即以诗才闻名。他通过科举步入仕途，曾担任过校书郎、杭州刺史、苏州刺史等职，晚年因厌倦官场，退隐于洛阳，自号“醉吟先生”。白居易的仕途虽有起伏，但其在任期间，勤政爱民，尤其在杭州任上，疏浚西湖，筑堤防洪，留下了著名的“白堤”，至今仍为人们所称颂。
白居易的诗歌以内容浅显、语言明白晓畅而著称，他主张诗歌应贴近生活，服务于社会，让普通百姓都能理解欣赏，这使他在民间享有极高的声誉，被誉为“诗魔”和“诗王”。他的作品大致可分为讽喻诗、闲适诗、感伤诗和杂律诗四大类，其中以讽喻诗最为人称道，如《卖炭翁》、《新丰折臂翁》等，深刻揭露了社会的黑暗面和底层人民的苦难，表达了诗人深切的人文关怀。
白居易的文学理念强调文学的社会功能，他认为文学应“补察时政”、“泄导人情”，这种观念在他的《与元九书》中得到了充分阐述。他与元稹共同倡导的新乐府运动，主张恢复古代采诗制度，创作了大量反映现实、批判时弊的新题乐府诗，对后世文学，尤其是宋代的文学改革运动产生了重要影响。
白居易的诗风平易近人，情感真挚，既有“文章合为时而著”的现实主义精神，也不乏对自然美景的热爱和对人生哲理的深刻体悟。晚年，他更加倾向于佛教思想，常以“香山居士”自居，其诗歌中不乏对人生无常、超脱尘世的感悟，展现出一种淡泊明志、宁静致远的精神境界。
白居易的一生，是文学与政治并重的一生，他以笔为剑，以诗为镜，既批判时弊，又抒发性情，更追求心灵的净化与升华。其诗歌不仅记录了一个时代的风貌，也反映了诗人对理想社会的追求和对人生哲理的探索。
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