India’s next decade
The Indian economy is being rewired. The opportunity is immense—and so are the stakes.
Since India opened up in 1991, its economy has prompted both euphoria and despair. One minute it is the next China: a rising superpower bursting with enterprising geniuses. The next it is a demographic time-bomb unable to generate hope for its young people; or a Wild West where Vodafone and other naive multinationals are fleeced. Over the past decade India has outgrown most other big countries, yet this has been overshadowed by a sense of disappointment. It has not engineered the manufacturing surge that enriched East Asia nor built enough big companies to marshal capital for development. Its fragmented markets and informal firms create few good jobs.
As the country emerges from the pandemic, however, a new pattern of growth is visible. It is unlike anything you have seen before. An indigenous tech effort is key. As the cost of technology has dropped, India has rolled out a national “tech stack”: a set of state-sponsored digital services that link ordinary Indians with an electronic identity, payments and tax systems, and bank accounts. The rapid adoption of these platforms is forcing a vast, inefficient, informal cash economy into the 21st century. It has turbocharged the world’s third-largest startup scene after America’s and China’s.
Alongside that, global trends are creating bigger business clusters. The IT-services industry has doubled in size in a decade, helped by the cloud and a worldwide shortage of software workers. Where else can Western firms find half a million new engineers a year? There is a renewable-energy investment spree: India ranks third for solar installations and is pioneering green hydrogen. As firms everywhere reconfigure supply chains to lessen their reliance on China, India’s attractions as a manufacturing location have risen, helped by a $26bn subsidy scheme. Western governments are keen to forge defence and technology links. India has also found a workaround to redistribute more to ordinary folk who vote but rarely see immediate gains from economic reforms: a direct, real-time, digital welfare system that in 36 months has paid $200bn to about 950m people.
Who deserves the credit? Chance has played a big role: India did not create the Sino-American split or the cloud, but benefits from both. So has the steady accumulation of piecemeal reform over many governments. The digital-identity scheme and new national tax system were dreamed up a decade or more ago.
注释:
Rewire: v
表示“给建筑物或设备换新电线，布线”（布线之后，设备的用电更加可靠），means “provide with new wiring “, 如：We had to rewire the building, re-plumb it. 我们得重新接电线，重新挖管道。
stakes：n
表示”赌注”。 means "the money risked on a gamble", 如：An amateur shouldn't play roulette for high stakes.外行不该下大赌注赌轮盘赌。
Euphoria: n
表示”极度兴奋(时间短)”, means” an extremely strong feeling of happiness and excitement”, 如：A preparation from the leaves and seed capsules of the cannabis plant, smoked, chewed, eaten, or infused and drunk to obtain mild euphoria. 印度大麻从大麻植物的树叶和种囊中提取的一种制剂，通过吸烟、嚼咀、吞食或注射以得到适度精神快感。
burst with sth
表示“充满(某种感情); 富有(某种素质)”，means" feel full of (a feeling)". 如：With its storehouses bursting with grain, the farm had to build more granaries. 农场的仓库都堆满了粮食,只好新盖一些谷仓。He burst his heart with envy. 他心里充满了嫉妒。
Enterprising：adj
表示”有事业心的；有进取心的”,means “marked by imagination, initiative, and readiness to undertake new projects”如：She may not have be the clever candidate but she is certainly the most enterprising。她就算不是最聪明的候选人, 也肯定是最有事业心的
One minute... The next (minute)...：conj
表示”一会儿是这样，一会儿又变成那样”。如：Life is a fragile thing, Harry. One minute you're chewing on a burger, the next minute you're dead meat. 生命是脆弱的,哈里。一分钟前你还在吃碎肉夹饼,一分钟后你已经死翘翘了。
Demographic: adj
表示”人口的，人口学的”。 means"of or relating to demography" ，如：Demographic change is another reason why the workforce is greying. 人口变化是劳动力老龄化的又一原因。
demo- 前缀，表示”与人、人口有关的”，如，democracy”民主”。demographics”人口统计数据”；-graphic后缀表示”某种艺术或科学的”。
time-bomb：n
表示”定时炸弹”。
Vodafone
沃达丰集团是英国一跨国电信公司，是全球最大的运营商之一，目前全球第一运营商是美国的 Verizon 威瑞森。
Fleece: n；v
1）名词表示“羊毛”，means "the wool of a sheep or similar animal", 如：The sheep's fleece was white as snow. 羊毛是雪白的。
2）动词表示“欺诈”，means " rip off; ask an unreasonable price"， 如：They fleeced us at that hotel. 那家旅馆敲了我们一笔钱。
Outgrow: v
1）表示“过快而不适于 ” ，means "grow too large or too mature for". 如："I have outgrown these clothes" 我长得过快，穿不下这些衣服了
2)表示“ 长得比 ... 快(或大、高) ”， means "grow faster than"， 如：By the time he is ten, he has outgrown his older brother.他十岁的时候就已经长得比他哥哥高了。
out- 前缀表示”超过，大于”，比如，outstrip（超过；跑过），outlast（较……耐久）
overshadow：v
1）表示”使蒙上阴影”, means " cast a shadow upon; ", 如：His recent death overshadowed the family gathering. 他最近去世给家庭聚会蒙上了阴影。
2) 表示”使相形见绌，使黯然失色”,means “ to make someone or something else seem less important” means " cast a shadow upon; ", 如：Despite her professional success, she is always overshadow by her husband. 尽管她事业有成，但和丈夫相比总觉逊色。
同义词辨析：
eclipse 名词指日食、月食，故动词为“使某人失色，使某人相形见绌”。如：Our happiness was soon eclipsed by the terrible news. 我们的快乐没多久就被可怕的消息蒙上了一层阴影。Engineered biology and biotechnology will eclipse the importance of mechanical technology. 工程生物学和生物技术将使机械技术黯然失色。
engineer：v
作动词表示”策划；精心安排, 设计” (常含贬义),means” to produce or plan (something) especially in a clever and skillful way”，比如，It's his father who engineered the plot.是他爸爸策划的这个阴谋。
Marshal: n; v
1 . 作名词，表示”元帅”，means” (in some countries) a military officer of highest rank ".如：Zhukov was a marshal of former Soviet Union .朱可夫是前苏联的一位帅。
2. 动词表示“调用；安排”, means “ to gather together and organize the people, things, ideas, etc. that you need for a particular purpose“ 如：Marshal your arguments before debating. 辩论前整理一下你的论点。
Fragmented：adj
表示”四分五裂的，支离破碎的”， 或者”分散的，不完整的”,means "having been divided; having the unity destroyed;" 如：The fragmented remains of dead or damaged cells or tissue. 死细胞细胞组织死了或被破坏后留下的残骸
emerge from sth
表示“从困境中”摆脱出来，幸存下来”, means” to survive a difficult situation or experience。”如：As Shanghai emerged from its long lockdown on June 1st, queues formed outside an even bigger Hermès store in China’s financial hub.6 月 1 日这天，上海解除了漫长的封锁。作为中国的金融中心，上海一家更大的爱马仕门店外排起了长队。
Indigenous：adj
表示”本地的；土生土长的”，means“local, native”。be indigenous to sth，表示”原产于某地”。如：The peony, which is indigenous to China, is regarded as the symbol of wealth and status. 牡丹原产于中国，被视为富贵和地位的象征。
roll out：v （外刊高频）
表示“在市场上推出某物”，means “ to make a new product available for people to buy or use”. 如: The company expects to roll out the new software in September. 公司希望在九月份推出这款新软件。
tech stack: n
计算机术语, 表示”技术栈”。stack 作动词时，表示”整齐地堆起，摞起”，故tech stack 指“一系列技术组合”。full stack 表示”全栈”，即：什么技术都能会一点。如：The full stack consists of a Web server, a framework for processing HTTP requests and responses, and a framework for easily persisting data to a relational database. 全栈包括:Web服务器、处理HTTP请求和响应的框架,以及方便地把数据持久存储到关系数据库的框架。
state-sponsored: adj
表示”国家赞助的”，means “sponsored by state”.如："We have information at hand, which shows to us that this is state sponsored," he added. 他说“我们手上有信息，向我们表明这是受到国家支持的”。
electronic identity：n
表示“电子身份，也称之为 digital-identity ”数字身份”。如：The digital signature component of a security certificate is your electronic identity card. The digital signature tells the recipient that the information actually came from you and has not been forged or tampered with. 安全证书中的数字签名部分是电子身份证。数字签名告诉收件人该信息确实由您发出，不是伪造的，也没有被篡改。
turbocharge ：v; n
名词表示“安装涡轮增压器”（主要作用是提高发动机功率），故动词表示“快速增加，提高某物的性能或质量“， means” to improve dramatically the performance or quality of sth”. 如：Germany can no longer count on exports alone to turbocharge its economy, but it is not clear what else, if anything, will. 德国再也不能只倚仗专家学者来驱动其经济发展，但是目前还有什么可以拉动经济仍悬而未决。 The guilty deserve such attention because those two government-sponsored enterprises did so much to turbocharge the credit mania. 你的领导提拔你，是因为你能给他带来利益；你的下属服从你，是因为你能给他带来利益；
Scene：n
1. 表示”景色；场景“，means” an event or course of action regarded as like sth in a play or film”,如：The terrible scene was engraved on his memory. 那可怕的情景铭记在他的记忆里。
2. 表示某种活动的”圈子，领域”。the music scene 是”音乐界”。如：A newcomer has appeared on the fashion scene. 时装界出现了一位新人。
alongside that ：conj
表示“与…一起；与…同时”，means”in the mean time, meanwhile”如： Alongside that,she had never desired to do anything like that. 与此同时， 她从来没希望做这样的事。
business cluster: n
表示”商业集群”，means” enterprise cluster”,如：As a kind of biotic community, the business cluster possesses some behavioral traits of the animal community. 作为一种群落组织，企业集群有着动物社群生活的行为特征。
Spree：n
表示“玩乐，放纵”,means “a brief indulgence of your impulses”, 如：I went out on a shopping spree. 我出去疯狂地购物。
installations: n
表示”装置”,means “a building or place that provides a particular service or is used for a particular industry“，如：Some enemy planes were picked up by our radar installations. 几架敌机被我们的雷达装置发现了。
Pioneer: v
表示”开创，开辟，做先锋”,means” to be the first person to do, invent or use something”。如：Form the outset, Matsushita did not attempt to pioneer new technology but emphasized quality and price. 从一开始，松下就没有打算开创新技术，而是强调质量和价格。
reconfigure: v
表示”重新配置”，means“ to rearrange the elements or settings of sth”。如：Do not modify the shape, dismantle or reconfigure the device. 不要擅自改装、修理、拆卸该装置.
workaround: n
表示”变通方法”, means”alternative”。如：The code example shows the workaround for this obsolete type. 该代码示例演示了解决此过时类型的替代方法。
deserve the credit: v
表示”值得赞扬”,如：You will put the boot on the wrong leg if you think they deserve the credit. 如果你认为他们值得称赞，那你就看错人了。
Credit: v; n
1.动词表示“相信; 认为”， means” believe；consider”.如：I can credit all that you are telling me . 我可以相信你告诉我的一切。The relics are credited with miraculous powers.这些遗骸被认为具有神奇的力量。
2.动词表示“归功于”， means”ascribe an achievement to”.如：At the time, we used to credit everything to one person. 那时大家把什么都归功于一个人。
3. 名词表示“信任,相信; 信用“ ，means" belief; trust; trustworthiness", 如：Credit counseling helped us get out from under.信用咨询使我们免除了忧虑
4. 名词表示“名声,声誉“ ，means"prestige; reputation", 如：They are working hard for the credit of China. 他们在为中国的荣誉而努力工作。
5. 名词表示“赞扬,荣誉,功劳“ ，means" praise; approval; recognition ", 如：I give them full credit for their work. 我高度赞扬了他们的工作。
6. 名词表示“ 借款; 贷款“ ，means" sum of money lent by a bank, etc.; loan”如：He is very awkward about give us further credit. 他为给我们进一步地增加贷款而为难。
piecemeal: adj
1. 表示”零碎的，缺乏通盘计划的”，means" one thing at a time". 如：I've only had a piecemeal account of what happened. 我对发生的事情只有支离破碎的了解。
2. 表示“渐进的”，means "gradual", 如：The gradual and piecemeal change was welcomed by most people. 这种一点一点渐进的改变受到大多数人的欢迎。
dream up：v
表示“凭空想出；设想”，means “ to think of a plan or idea, especially an unusual one”,如：This is the most fantastic rumor one could dream up. 这是能够凭空想得出来的最荒诞的谣言。
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