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Monkeypox
Introduction
Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis (a virus transmitted to humans from animals) with symptoms very similar to those seen in the past in smallpox patients, although it is clinically less severe. With the eradication of smallpox in 1980 and subsequent cessation of smallpox vaccination, monkeypox has emerged as the most important orthopoxvirus for public health. Monkeypox primarily occurs in Central and West Africa, often in proximity to tropical rainforests and has been increasingly appearing in urban areas. Animal hosts include a range of rodents and non-human primates.
Natural host of monkeypox virus
Various animal species have been identified as susceptible to monkeypox virus. This includes rope squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian pouched rats, dormice, non-human primates and other species. Uncertainty remains on the natural history of monkeypox virus and further studies are needed to identify the exact reservoir(s) and how virus circulation is maintained in nature.
Transmission
Animal-to-human (zoonotic) transmission can occur from direct contact with the blood, bodily fluids, cutaneous or mucosal lesions of infected animals. In Africa, evidence of monkeypox virus infection has been found in many animals including rope squirrels, tree squirrels, Gambian poached rats, dormice, different species of monkeys and others. The natural reservoir of monkeypox has not yet been identified, though rodents are the most likely. Eating inadequately cooked meat and other animal products of infected animals is a possible risk factor. People living in or near forested areas may have indirect or low-level exposure to infected animals.
Human-to-human transmission can result from close contact with respiratory secretions, skin lesions of an infected person or recently contaminated objects. Transmission via droplet respiratory particles usually requires prolonged face-to-face contact, which puts health workers, household members and other close contacts of active cases at greater risk. However, the longest documented chain of transmission in a community has risen in recent years from six to nine successive person-to-person infections. This may reflect declining immunity in all communities due to cessation of smallpox vaccination. Transmission can also occur via the placenta from mother to fetus (which can lead to congenital monkeypox) or during close contact during and after birth. While close physical contact is a well-known risk factor for transmission, it is unclear at this time if monkeypox can be transmitted specifically through sexual transmission routes. Studies are needed to better understand this risk.
Signs and symptoms
The incubation period (interval from infection to onset of symptoms) of monkeypox is usually from 6 to 13 days but can range from 5 to 21 days. The infection can be divided into two periods:
· the invasion period (lasts between 0-5 days) characterized by fever, intense headache, lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes), back pain, myalgia (muscle aches) and intense asthenia (lack of energy). Lymphadenopathy is a distinctive feature of monkeypox compared to other diseases that may initially appear similar (chickenpox, measles, smallpox)
· the skin eruption usually begins within 1-3 days of appearance of fever. The rash tends to be more concentrated on the face and extremities rather than on the trunk. It affects the face (in 95% of cases), and palms of the hands and soles of the feet (in 75% of cases). Also affected are oral mucous membranes (in 70% of cases), genitalia (30%), and conjunctivae (20%), as well as the cornea. The rash evolves sequentially from macules (lesions with a flat base) to papules (slightly raised firm lesions), vesicles (lesions filled with clear fluid), pustules (lesions filled with yellowish fluid), and crusts which dry up and fall off. The number of lesions varies from a few to several thousand.
Monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease with the symptoms lasting from 2 to 4 weeks. Severe cases occur more commonly among children and are related to the extent of virus exposure, patient health status and nature of complications. Underlying immune deficiencies may lead to worse outcomes. Although vaccination against smallpox was protective in the past, today persons younger than 40 to 50 years of age (depending on the country) may be more susceptible to monkeypox due to cessation of smallpox vaccination campaigns globally after eradication of the disease.
The case fatality ratio of monkeypox has historically ranged from 0 to 11 % in the general population and has been higher among young children. In recent times, the case fatality ratio has been around 3-6%.
注释：
Monkeypox: n
表示“猴痘”，means “a disease caused by a virus that can be spread to humans by monkeys, apes, rats, and other animals”.如：The disease is caused by Monkeypox virus. 这种疾病由猴痘病毒造成。
Zoonosis: n
表示“人畜共同传染病，动物传染病”，means “a disease that can spread from animals to humans” 如：Cat scratch disease is a kind of zoonosis that caused by a bacterium of the genus Bartonella, and has a worldwide distribution. 猫抓病是一种由巴尔通体属细菌引起的人畜共患病,在世界范围内广泛流行。
Smallpox: n
表示“天花”，means “an extremely infectious disease that causes a fever, spots on the skin, and often death”.如：I'm immune to smallpox as a result of vaccination. 我接种过疫苗了,所以对天花有免疫力。
Eradication：n
表示“根除，消灭”，means “the process of getting rid of something completely or of destroying something bad”. 如：Globalization has to be seen to mean the eradication of poverty. 全球化必须意味着根除贫困。
Cessation：n
表示“结束，停止；中断，中止”，means “ending or stopping”.如：The bombardment continued without cessation. 轰炸持续不断地进行着。
Proximity: n
表示“接近，邻近；临近”，means “the state of being near in space or time”.如：
My proximity to your office adds flexibility. 我住的地方靠近贵公司，工作可以说是更加方便有利。
Marriages in proximity of blood are forbidden by the law. 法律规定禁止近亲结婚。
Their proximity to markets makes such judgments easier. 他们靠近市场，因而更容易做出这类判断。
Orthopoxvirus
表示“正痘病毒属”如：Monkeypox is caused by Monkeypox virus, which belongs to the orthopoxvirus group of viruses. 猴痘由猴痘病毒导致，该病毒属于正痘病毒。
Rodent: n
表示“啮齿动物（如老鼠等）”，means “any of various small mammals with large, sharp front teeth, such as mice and rats”.如：I'll dig like a psychotic rodent if I have to. 我可以挖得像发疯的啮齿动物。
Primate：n
表示“灵长类动物”，means “a member of the most developed and intelligent group of mammals, including humans, monkeys, and apes”. 如：Compared to body size, the primate brain is larger than that of other animals. 相对身躯而言，灵长目动物的大脑比其他动物的大脑都要大些。
Susceptible : adj
表示“易受影响（或伤害等）；敏感；过敏”，means “very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by sb/sth”.如：Children are more susceptible than adults. 孩子比成人易受外界的影响。
Cutaneous: adj
表示“皮肤的”，means “relating to the skin”.如：
Protein is cutaneous composition composition, eat this kind of food to be able to promote metabolism more, have repair cutaneous effect. 蛋白质是皮肤的组成成分，多吃这类食物可以促进新陈代谢，起到修复皮肤的作用。
Mucosal: adj
表示“粘膜的”，means “relating to the mucosa (= the thin skin that covers the inside surface of parts of the body such as the nose and mouth and produces mucus to protect them)”如：The mucosa may become completely denuded. 粘膜可以完全剥脱
Lesion: n
表示“（对人体或体内器官的）伤害，损伤”，means “an injury to a person's body or to an organ inside their body”如：This lesion can be lessened by surgical correction. 这种损害可通过外科矫治减弱。
Respiratory : adj
表示“呼吸的”，means “connected with breathing”，如：He had an infection in the upper respiratory tract. 他上呼吸道感染。
Secretion: n
表示“分泌；分泌液”，means “the process by which an animal or plant produces and releases a liquid, or the liquid produced”.如：The secretion of bile is useful for our bodies. 胆汁的分泌对我们的身体很有用处。
Contaminate: v
表示“污染；弄脏”，means “to make a substance or place dirty or no longer pure by adding a substance that is dangerous or carries disease”.如：All over the world, oil spills regularly contaminate coasts. 在世界各地，油溢出物经常污染着海岸。
Prolonged: adj
表示“延续很久的，长期的”，means “continuing for a long time”.如：
After prolonged questioning, she finally confessed.她受到长时间的盘问之后,终于承认了。
Successive: adj
表示“接连地，连续地”，means “happening one after the other without any break”.如：
He dropped the nails on the ground and successive clangs were heard. 他把钉子掉到了地上，听见了一连串的叮当声。
Placenta: n
表示“胎盘”，means “the temporary organ that feeds a foetus (= developing baby) inside its mother's womb”.如：Earlier studies linked the placenta to the disease. 早期的研究认为，该病与胎盘有关。
Fetus：n
表示“胎儿，胎”，means “a young human being or animal before birth, after the organs have started to develop”，英式英语为：foetus.
Congenital：adj
1）表示“（疾病等）天生的，先天的”，means “A congenital disease or condition exists at or from birth.”如：The congenital form is spread to the fetus through the bloodstream. 先天的形式是通过血液传播给胎儿。
2）表示“生就有（某种坏品质）的，生性的”，means “used to say that someone always shows a particular bad quality”如：a congenital liar(= one who will not change) 生性好说谎的人
Incubation: n
表示“（传染病的）潜伏期”，means “the time between sb being infected with a disease and the appearance of the first symptoms”。如：The incubation period usually is 8 to 14 days. 潜伏期通常为8-14天。
Onset：n
表示“开端，发生，肇始（尤指不快的事件）”，means “the beginning of sth, especially sth unpleasant.”如：He went to see a doctor at the onset of a fever. 他开始发烧时便去看医生了。
How can I Prevent or Delay The Onset of Diabetes? 怎样预防或者延缓糖尿病的发生?
电影《传染病》（Contagion）中的台词：I've been taking it since the onset of the symptoms. 症状一开始我就在服用它。
《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇分析拜登即将面临的经济挑战的文章中提到：So far there is little sign of the economic scarring that was feared at the onset of the crisis. 到目前为止，没什么迹象显示会出现疫情之初人们所担心的那种经济创伤。
-onset 后缀表示“发病，起病”，means “(of an illness or medical condition) starting at the stated time or in the stated way”，常用短语如early-onset dementia 早发性痴呆，sudden-onset hearing loss 突发性听力损失。如：And he confided in me that she had a neurological disease, similar to an early onset dementia or Alzheimers. 他跟我透露,其实她得了神经方面的毛病,类似早期的老人痴呆症。
Lymphadenopathy：n
表示“淋巴结病”，means “a swelling of the lymph nodes, usually caused by inflammation associated with a viral infection such as rubella”
Myalgia: n
表示“肌痛”，means “pain in the muscles”.如：The most frequent symptoms were fever, chills, myalgia, and cough. 最常见的症状是发烧、冷颤、肌肉疼痛，和咳嗽。
Asthenia: n
表示“无力; 衰弱”，means “an abnormal loss of strength; debility”。如：Conclusion Deformity recurrence results from persistent asthenia of fibular muscles. 结论畸形复发是由于腓骨肌持续无力造成的。
Rash: adj/n
1）作形容词，表示“轻率的”，means “If someone is rash or does rash things, they act without thinking carefully first, and therefore make mistakes or behave foolishly.”.如：
His rash dismissal of the offer annoyed me. 他对该提议轻率的拒绝激怒了我。
2）作可数名词，表示“皮疹，疹子”，means “A rash is an area of red spots that appears on your skin when you are ill or have a bad reaction to something that you have eaten or touched.”如：While you have this rash you are still infectious. 身上还有这种疹子，就仍然有传染性。
Extremities：n
表示“（身体的）末端，末梢（如手指、脚趾、鼻子等）”，means “the parts of the human body furthest from the heart, for example, the fingers, toes, and nose”
如：Paresthesia is usually felt in the extremities -- hands, feet, and ankles. 手足和踝部等末端经常会出现感觉异常现象。
Trunk：n
表示“（人体的）躯干”，means “the main part of a person's body, not including the head, legs, or arms”.如：The athlete has a powerful trunk. 那个运动员身躯强壮有力。
Palm: n
表示“手掌，手心”，means “the inside part of your hand from your wrist to the base of your fingers”.如：He rubbed his palm across his forehead. 他用手掌揉了揉前额。
Sole: n
作名词，表示“脚底；鞋底”，means “the bottom part of the foot that touches the ground when you stand or walk, or the bottom part of a shoe that touches the ground, usually not including the heel”如：He has pain on the sole of his feet. 他脚底很痛。
mucous membranes ：n表示粘膜
genitalia : n. 生殖器(尤指外阴部)
conjunctivae : n. 结膜
cornea: n. 角膜
macule: n. 斑疹；斑点(=macula)
papule: n. 丘疹；小突起
vesicle: n. 小囊；泡；小水泡
pustule: n. 脓泡
Evolve: v
表示“（使）逐步发展；（使）逐步演变；（使）逐渐形成；（使）进化”，means “to develop gradually, or to cause something or someone to develop gradually”.如：The American constitution was planned; the British constitution evolved. 美国宪法是精心制定的，英国宪法是约定俗成的。
Crust: n
表示“（某物的）硬皮，外壳”，means “a hard outer covering of something”如：The crust of the bread is burnt. 这块面包的外皮烤焦了。
Complication: n
表示“并发症”，means “A complication is a medical problem that occurs as a result of another illness or disease.”.如：Pneumonia is the complication we most fear. 肺炎是我们最害怕的并发症。
Fatality: n
表示“（事故或暴力事件中的）死亡，死者”，means “a death caused by an accident or by violence, or someone who has died in either of these ways”.如：The explosion accident caused several fatalities. 爆炸事故使数人死亡。