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Painful，Upsetting，Traumatic，Distressing，Harrowing，Agonizing
精神上痛苦的
🚩painful是指“情形、记忆或者经历痛苦的，难受的，恼人的”，柯林斯解释为Situations, memories, or experiences that are painful are difficult and unpleasant to deal with, and often make you feel sad and upset.。
如：
Remarks like that brought back painful memories...那样的话勾起了痛苦的回忆。
She finds it too painful to return there without him.她觉得没有他的陪伴回到那里实在叫人难受。
Their efforts were painful to watch.看他们这么辛苦真让人难过。
🚩upsetting是“心烦意乱，沮丧，生气，忧虑，苦恼”，英文解释是making you feel unhappy, anxious or annoyed。
如：
I know leaving is upsetting, but something else is bothering her.我知道分开让人心烦意乱，但是她还有别的麻烦事。
I could see that it had been an upsetting experience for him.我看得出来，那是他一段痛苦的经历。
🚩traumatic尤其指经历是“长时间的心灵创伤，惊人的，极不愉快的”，柯林斯解释为A traumatic experience is very shocking and upsetting, and may cause psychological damage.。
如：
a traumatic childhood不幸的童年
I suffered a nervous breakdown. It was a traumatic experience...我曾经神经崩溃过。那是一次痛苦的经历。
For a child the death of a pet can be traumatic.对孩子来说，一只宠物的死亡可能会造成心理创伤。
🚩distressing是“极大的痛苦、悲伤、苦难”，朗文解释为making you feel very upset，它尤其指悲惨的遭遇。distressing和traumatic这两个词程度比painful和upsetting要重。
如：
distressing news令人难过的消息
The divorce was extremely distressing for the children.这桩离婚对孩子来说是及其痛苦的事情。
🚩harrowing是“令人肝肠寸断的，折磨人的，令人无比痛苦的”，柯林斯解释为A harrowing experience is extremely upsetting or disturbing.。它还有“恐怖惊悚的”，即frightening这一层含义。
如：
There were harrowing scenes at the airport as relatives heard news of the crash.亲属听到飞机失事的消息后，机场一片令人伤心欲绝的情景。
🚩agonizing是“引起巨大痛苦的，备受煎熬的”，柯林斯解释为Something that is agonizing causes you to feel great physical or mental pain.。agonizing和harrowing程度是这几个词中最大的。agonizing还有一点内涵是“面临困难的选择，且需要漫长等待的煎熬”。
如：
an agonizing pain, delay, decision 折磨人的疼痛、恼人的耽搁、痛苦的决定
In the heat of Rome, the wait was agonizing.在罗马的高温下，等待是一种折磨。
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