Original Title 原标题 Map Explainer: Sudan
The African nation of Sudan has been in the headlines, as intense fighting has rocked the country. As this bloody power struggle plays out, the map infographic below aims to provides key information on the conflict, as well as general facts and context about the country.
随着激烈的战斗在持续，非洲国家苏丹就一直在新闻头条上。在血腥的权力争夺上演的时候，以下这张地图信息图呈现出这次冲突的关键信息，以及苏丹这个国家的总体概况和内容。
To begin, what exactly is happening in Sudan?
首先，苏丹正在发生什么事情？
The 2023 Conflict in Sudan: A Primer
初步了解2023年苏丹冲突
As explosions echo throughout Khartoum—Africa’s sixth largest urban area—many around the world are left wondering how the conflict escalated to this point. Here are five things to know:
随着爆炸声响彻在非洲第六大都市区喀土穆，世界各地的人们都陷入沉思，冲突是如何上升到这个地步的？以下是需要知道的5件事：
1.Two generals have been sharing power since a coup in 2021. The first is General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, who leads the Sudanese Army. The second is General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (aka Hemedti), who leads the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) paramilitary group. This power-sharing arrangement was meant to be temporary, with an eventual transition to a civilian-led democracy. Instead, the situation devolved into conflict.
自2021年的一个政变以来，两位将军一直共享权力。第一位将军是苏丹军队的总司令阿卜杜勒·布尔汉（Abdel Fattah al-Burhan），第二位将军是准军事组织快速支援部队的领导人穆罕默德·哈姆丹·达加洛（Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo），又称为哈米提（Hemedit，意思是“小穆罕默德”）。这种权力共享的安排本来就注定是短暂的，最终要向一个文官领导的民主政府过渡。然而，情况发展成冲突。
2.Fighting broke out around the country in mid-April, with Khartoum becoming a major flash point. Flames billowed over the Khartoum airport, and the city’s military headquarters was reduced to a burned-out husk.
在4月中旬，战斗在苏丹全国各地爆发，喀土穆成了主要的爆发点。火焰在喀土穆机场腾起滚滚浓烟，市内的军队总部被烧得只剩下一副空壳。
3.As violence began to grip Sudan’s largest city, there was an exodus of foreign officials and citizens. In one particularly dramatic scene at the U.S. Embassy, nearly 100 people were escorted onto an aircraft by Navy SEALs and flown to nearby Djibouti.
随着暴力开始席卷苏丹最大的城市，外国官员和公民大量逃离。美国大使馆的情景特别引人注目，在海豹突击队的护送下，接近100人登上飞机，撤离到附近的吉布提。
4.There have been a number of ceasefire agreements so far, but they’ve done little to stem the intense fighting.
目前已经有了一系列的停火协议，但是要达到平息激烈的战斗的目的还是做得太少。
5.The stream of refugees fleeing the violence continues to grow. There is growing concern that this conflict will cause further instability in the region, as most of Sudan’s neighbors have their own histories with recent conflict, and many areas are facing food insecurity.
为远离暴力冲突而逃离的难民潮继续扩大。人们越来越担心这次冲突会同时该地区进一步的不稳定，因为大部分苏丹邻国最近都有自己的冲突历史，并且许多地方正在面临食物危机。
Unfortunately, Sudan is no stranger to conflict, having been ruled by the military for much of its existence. As of the writing of this article, there is technically a ceasefire in place, but fighting rages on. It remains to be seen how far these warring generals are willing to push the situation to assert their power.
不幸的是，苏丹有很长的冲突历史，独立以来的大部分时间里都是由军政府统治。在书写本文的时候，技术上已经有了停火协议，但是战斗仍在继续。我们仍需继续观察和等待这些好战的将军们多大程度上愿意推动局势以达到自己主张的权力。
Fast Facts About the Country of Sudan
苏丹概括
Beyond headlines of conflict, Sudan is not a well-known country to many in the West. In the map above, we’ve also included more general information about geography, climate, population centers, and more.
在关于冲突的新闻头条之外，苏丹并不是许多西方人熟悉的国家。在上面的地图里，我们还加入了关于苏丹地理、气候、人口中心以及更多的总体信息。
Geography and Climate
地理和气候
Sudan is the third largest nation in Africa (16th globally), so there is a lot of climate and geographic variance within the country’s borders.
苏丹是非洲第三大国家（世界第16大），境内有多种气候和很大的地理差异。
The country is located in Northeast Africa, directly below Egypt. Roughly speaking, its climate changes along a north–south axis, moving from arid to tropical. About two-thirds of the nation is arid and semi-arid, which is typical of countries with territory that includes the Sahara Desert.
苏丹位于非洲东北部，在埃及正南方。总的来说，苏丹从北到南呈现从干旱气候向热带气候的变化。约三分之二的国土是干旱和半干旱气候，是一个典型的拥有撒哈拉沙漠作为国土的国家。
The further south one goes in Sudan, the greener the surroundings get. The map below (which also includes the relatively new country of South Sudan) shows the extreme difference in vegetation from the north to south in the region.
在苏丹，越往南走，周围环境的绿色就越浓烈。下图（还包括了相对年轻的国家南苏丹）展示出苏丹北部和南部在植被上的极端差异。
The Nile River is a prominent feature running across this arid region, providing two-thirds of the country’s fresh water. In the south, the Blue and White portions of the Nile enter the country from South Sudan and Ethiopia, respectively. The rivers meet midway through the country and the Nile River flows northward, eventually reaching Egypt.
尼罗河贯穿苏丹干旱地区是一个突出的特征，提供了苏丹三分之二的淡水。青尼罗河和白尼罗河分别从埃塞俄比亚和南苏丹流进苏丹的南部，并在苏丹境内（喀土穆）相遇形成尼罗河干流，然后一路向北流动，最终流进埃及，（注入地中海）。
This flow of water from country-to-country can sometimes be apoint of contention between Sudan, South Sudan, Ethiopia, and Egypt, who all rely on the river for power, fresh water, and irrigation.
这种跨国流动的河流有时会成为苏丹、南苏丹、埃塞俄比亚和埃及的争执点，这些国家都依赖尼罗河发电、提供淡水和灌溉。
Population Centers
人口中心
Over 43 million people live in Sudan, which ranks it ninth in terms of population in Africa. Below, we can see that much of the Sudanese population is clustered in a couple of key areas, while much of the country remains sparsely populated.
苏丹人口超过4300万，是非洲人口第九大的国家。从下图，我们可以看到大部分苏丹人口集中在几个关键区域，而国家的大部分区域是人口稀疏。
Khartoum, the capital and largest city, is located in the interior of the country at the strategic point where the Blue and White Niles converge. Thisfast-growing city is shaped by the three sections surrounding the river junction—with Khartoum, North Khartoum, and Omdurman making up a metro area of 6.3 million people.
喀土穆是苏丹的首都和最大的城市，位于苏丹内陆地区，是青尼罗河与白尼罗河交汇的战略要点。这个人口快速增长的城市围绕着河流交汇处而分成三个部分——喀土穆、北喀土穆和乌姆杜尔曼，是一个人口630万的都市区。
Sudan is divided into 18 states, five of which form theDarfur region in the west. If the name Darfur is familiar, it’s for good reason. In the 2000s, the region experienced a conflict marked by widespread violence, human rights abuses, and displacement, resulting in a humanitarian crisis. One of the generals involved in the current crisis, Hemedti, previously commanded the Janjaweed militias, which carried out some of the most egregious atrocities of the Darfur conflict.
苏丹划分出18个州，其中在西部的5个州组成达尔富尔地区。如果你对达尔富尔的名字感到熟悉，这当然是有原因的。21世纪初期，达尔富尔地区经历了一场冲突，广泛的暴力、人权侵害和流离失所带来了人道危机。参与到当前危机里的一位将军哈米提，在之前掌控着金戈威德民兵（Janjaweed militias），实施了几场达尔富尔冲突中最为令人震惊的杀戮。
In the northeast, Sudan borders the strategic Red Sea route.Port Sudan serves as the main entry point for imports and the primary export outlet for Sudanese commodities, including agricultural products (such as cotton, gum arabic, and sesame), minerals (such as gold), and livestock. The city has also been tapped to host a Russian naval base in the near future, though the recent power struggle in Sudan has potentially complicated negotiations.
苏丹的东北部面对着极具战略意义的红海航线。苏丹港是进口产品的主要入境点，也是苏丹的商品的主要出口通道。苏丹的出口商品包括农产品（如棉花、阿拉伯胶、芝麻）、矿物（如黄金），以及牲畜。苏丹港还被选作俄罗斯的一个海军基地，尽管苏丹国内的最近的权力斗争有可能让（设置俄罗斯海军基地的）谈判复杂化。
As violence continues to rage in residential areas and people flee for safer areas, it remains to be seen how this conflict will influence population patterns within the country. How many people will be displaced? And once the smoke clears, will they return?
随着暴力持续在居民区肆虐，人们逃亡更安全的地方，这场冲突将如何影响苏丹的人口模式仍需等待和观察。有多少人流离失所？当硝烟散尽，他们还会回来吗？
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