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Among the treasures of traditional Chinese
culture, "qin, chess, calligraphy, and painting" are known as the
four arts of the literati, representing the cultivation and talent of ancient
literati, with "qin" taking the first place.
Qin refers to the guqin, also known as the
yaoqin, yuqin, sitong, and seven-stringed qin. Its history can be traced back
to the ancient times and is closely linked to the legends of the ancestors of
the Chinese nation such as Fuxi, Shennong, Tangyao, Huangdi, and Yushun.
Although these origin stories are mostly mythical legends and lack precise
archaeological evidence, they reflect the sacred status of the guqin in Chinese
culture.
In fact, the physical object and image
materials of the guqin have been discovered in the Spring and Autumn and
Warring States periods, and it has continuously evolved and developed in the
various dynasties from the Han to the Ming and Qing, becoming an important
companion for the literati to express their emotions and place their ideals.
The guqin is usually made of paulownia wood
and is inlaid with thirteen emblem positions on the surface, symbolizing twelve
months of the year plus one intercalary month. The strings originally had five
strings and later gradually developed into seven strings. When playing, the
player needs to press the strings with the left hand and pluck the strings with
the right hand, and through techniques such as yin, nao, chuo, and zhu, the
sound of the qin produces a rich variety of timbre changes to reach the realm
of "the sound follows the heart and the meaning lies beyond the
strings." Guqin playing is not only a display of technique, but also the
expression of the inner world, requiring the player to have a deep learning and
a indifferent state of mind.
The music of the guqin emphasizes
"harmony and elegance" and "light and plainness," pursuing
a kind of artistic conception beauty beyond the notes, that is, "the
meaning beyond the taste and the charm beyond the rhyme." It is not only
an art of sound, but also a kind of spiritual conversation, conveying the
emotions and philosophical thoughts of the player through the sound of the qin.
The repertoire of the guqin is rich and
diverse, with both masterpieces such as "High Mountains and Flowing
Waters" that show natural scenery and the encounter of kindred spirits,
and pieces like "Guangling San" that are filled with generous and
solemn atmosphere. Every piece is a story and a flow of emotions.
In ancient times, being able to play the
guqin was regarded as an important sign of the cultivation of the literati. It
was not only a kind of artistic enjoyment, but also a manifestation of moral
sentiment and the perfection of the personality. The guqin was closely linked
to the life of the literati and often appeared in poetry and prose, such as in
Li Bai's "Raise the cup to invite the bright moon, and face the shadow to
make three persons," where the qin became the confidant of the poet when
he drank alone under the moon. At the same time, the guqin is also the carrier
of Taoist and Confucian thought, and its musical concept and philosophical
thought are integrated, reflecting the universe view of "the unity of
nature and man."
In modern society, although the popularity
of the guqin is not as high as in ancient times, it is still cherished and
passed on as a high-end form of cultural and artistic. In 2003, the Chinese
guqin art was listed by UNESCO as "Representative Works of Human Oral and
Intangible Heritage," which marks that the guqin has gained high
recognition and protection on a global scale. Today, with the revival of
people's interest in traditional culture, the number of people learning the
guqin is increasing, and various guqin concerts, exhibitions, seminars, and
other activities are frequently held. The art of the guqin is continuing to
write its new era chapter in a new look.
在中国传统文化的瑰宝中，“琴棋书画”被誉为文人四艺，代表着古代文人的修养与才情，其中“琴”位居首位。
琴，是指古琴，又名瑶琴、玉琴、丝桐、七弦琴，其历史可以追溯至上古时期，与伏羲、神农、唐尧、黄帝、虞舜等华夏民族的始祖传说紧密相连，尽管这些起源故事多为神话传说，缺乏确切的考古证据，但它们反映了古琴在中国文化中的神圣地位。
实际上，古琴的实物与图像资料在春秋战国时期已有发现，其后更是在汉代至明清各朝代中不断演变发展，成为文人士大夫抒发情感、寄托理想的重要伴侣。
古琴通常由桐木制成，表面镶嵌有十三个徽位，象征一年十二个月加上一个闰月，琴弦最初为五弦，后逐渐发展为七弦。演奏时，演奏者需以左手按弦，右手拨弦，通过吟、猱、绰、注等技巧，使琴声产生丰富的音色变化，达到“音随心转，意在弦外”的境界。古琴演奏不仅是技术的展现，更是内心世界的抒发，要求演奏者具备深厚的学养与淡泊的心境。
古琴音乐讲究“和雅”与“清淡”，追求的是一种超越音符之外的意境美，即“味外之旨、韵外之致”。它不仅仅是一种声音的艺术，更是一种心灵的对话，通过琴声传达弹奏者的情感与哲思。
古琴的曲目丰富多样，既有《高山流水》这样表现自然景致与知音相遇的佳作，也有《广陵散》这样充满慷慨悲壮气息的曲目，每一曲都是一个故事，一段情感的流淌。
在古代，能够弹奏古琴被视为文人修养的重要标志之一，它不仅是一种艺术享受，也是道德情操与人格完善的体现。古琴与文人的生活密不可分，常出现在诗词歌赋之中，如李白的“举杯邀明月，对影成三人”中，琴成了诗人月下独酌时的知己。同时，古琴也是道家和儒家思想的载体，其音乐理念与哲学思想相融，体现了“天人合一”的宇宙观。
进入现代社会，尽管古琴的普及度不如古代，但它依然作为一种高端的文化艺术形式被珍视与传承。2003年，中国古琴艺术被联合国教科文组织列为“人类口头和非物质遗产代表作”，这标志着古琴在全球范围内获得了高度的认可与保护。今日，随着人们对传统文化兴趣的复苏，学习古琴的人日益增多，各种古琴音乐会、展览、研讨会等活动频繁举办，古琴艺术正以新的面貌续写着它的时代篇章。
说明：文中部分图片来源于网络，如有侵权，请联系删除。
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