文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)
作者:Unknown
原文标题:Have scientists really found a room-temperature superconductor?
原文发布时间:4 Aug. 2023
Have scientists really found a room-temperature superconductor?
Solid-state physics very rarely goes viral. But that is what happened when a group of researchers at Korea University, in Seoul, announced on July 22nd that they had discovered a "room-temperature superconductor", a material dubbed LK-99. They published a pair of preliminary, non-peer-reviewed papers. If the researchers are right, it would be one of the biggest discoveries in physics in the past few decades. A Nobel prize would be a mere formality. But history provides plenty of reasons for caution. Labs around the world are rushing to test the results. What exactly is so exciting?
A superconductor is to electricity what a completely frictionless surface would be to mechanics. Unlike the conductors and semiconductors from which electrical devices are presently made, a superconductor would offer no resistance to a current flowing through it. That could mean, among other things, faster microchips, cheaper medical scanners, better electric motors, the ability to transmit electricity over long distances with no losses and more. If it uses electricity or magnetism, superconductivity can improve it.
科学家真的发现了室温超导体吗?
精听党背景导读
最近,韩国科学家团队宣布合成了世界上第一个室温常压超导体——LK-99。该团队兴奋地指出,“所有证据都可以证明,LK-99是世界首个室温常压超导体。LK-99的诞生意味着室温超导领域的重大突破,开启了一个全新的历史时代。”
文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)作者:Unknown原文标题:Have scientists really found a room-temperature superconductor?原文发布时间:4 Aug. 2023关键词:超导体 低温 摩擦
精听党带着问题听
1.“病毒式传播”用英语可以怎么表达?2. 如何理解段二中的“frictionless surface”?3. 汞在何种环境下会变成超导体?
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
Have scientists really found a room-temperature superconductor?
科学家真的发现了室温超导体吗?
superconductor
n. 超导体;
段一
Solid-state physics very rarely goes viral. But that is what happened when a group of researchers at Korea University, in Seoul, announced on July 22nd that they had discovered a “room-temperature superconductor”, a material dubbed LK-99. They published a pair of preliminary, non-peer-reviewed papers. If the researchers are right, it would be one of the biggest discoveries in physics in the past few decades. A Nobel prize would be a mere formality. But history provides plenty of reasons for caution. Labs around the world are rushing to test the results. What exactly is so exciting?
solid-state physics 固态物理学;
go viral 病毒式传播;
announce vt. 宣布,公布;声称,郑重地说;1. pronounce v. 发(音),读(音);正式宣布(或公布、授予等);发表意见,表态;
dub vt. 把…称为,给…起绰号;
preliminary adj. 初步的,预备的;1. preliminary analysis 初步分析;
non-peer-reviewed adj.非同行评审的;
mere adj. 仅仅,只不过;1. There is more to good health than the mere absence of disease. 健康不仅仅指不生病,还包括更多。
formality n.(性质)正式,正式性;1. Some contracts are a mere formality. 有些合同纯属走形式。
caution n. 小心,谨慎;提醒,告诫;
rush to 匆忙前往;
参考译文
固态物理学很少像病毒一样传播。7月22日,位于首尔的韩国大学(Korea University)的一组研究人员宣布,他们发现了一种名为LK-99的“室温超导体”。他们发表了两篇未经同行评议的初步论文。如果研究人员是正确的,这将是过去几十年来物理学最大的发现之一。诺贝尔奖将只是一种形式。但历史提供了大量谨慎的理由。世界各地的实验室都在加紧测试结果。到底是什么让人如此兴奋?
段二
A superconductor is to electricity what a completely frictionless surface would be to mechanics. Unlike the conductors and semiconductors from which electrical devices are presently made, a superconductor would offer no resistance to a current flowing through it. That could mean, among other things, faster microchips, cheaper medical scanners, better electric motors, the ability to transmit electricity over long distances with no losses and more. If it uses electricity or magnetism, superconductivity can improve it.
frictionless adj. 无摩擦的;光滑的;
mechanics n. 机械学,力学;
resistance n. 反对,抵制;抵抗,反抗;抵抗力,免疫力;阻力;电阻;
current n. 水流,气流;电流;思潮,趋势;
microchip n. 微型集成电路片,微芯片;
scanner n. 扫描器,扫描设备;(信息或图像)扫描仪;(医用)扫描器;
electric motors 电动机;电动马达;
transmit vt. 播送,传输,发射;传递,传达(思想、情感);
magnetism n. 磁性,磁力;磁学;吸引力;
参考译文
超导体之于电学,就像完全无摩擦的表面之于力学。与目前制造电子设备的导体和半导体不同,超导体对流过它的电流没有电阻。这可能意味着,除其他外,更快的微芯片,更便宜的医疗扫描仪,更好的电动马达,远距离无损耗传输电力的能力等等。如果一个东西使用电或磁,超导可以改善它。
段三
And unlike frictionless surfaces, superconductors actually exist. The first to be discovered, more than 100 years ago, was mercury—though it only becomes a superconductor when chilled to within a few degrees of absolute zero, or -273°C, the coldest temperature possible. Since then scientists have found a handful of materials that are superconductive at slightly higher temperatures. Even these “high-temperature” superconductors, though, require cooling to far below freezing. That has limited their usability.
mercury n. 汞,水银;
chill vt.(使)冷却,冰镇;
absolute zero 绝对零度;
a handful of 一把;少量;
superconductive adj. 超电导的;超传导现象的;
freezing n. 冰点;
usability n. 合用,可用;可用性;
参考译文
与无摩擦表面不同,超导体实际上是存在的。100多年前,第一个被发现的是水银——尽管它只有在冷却到绝对零度附近的温度时才会变成超导体,绝对零度也就是-273°C(可能的最低温度)。从那时起,科学家们已经发现了一些在稍高温度下具有超导性的材料。然而,即使是这些“高温”超导体,也需要冷却到远低于冰点的温度。这限制了它们的可用性。
精听党每日单词
superconductor
/ˈsuːpərkəndʌktər/ n. 超导体;
solid-state physics
固态物理学;
go viral
病毒式传播;
announce
/əˈnaʊns/ vt. 宣布,公布;声称,郑重地说;
dub
/dʌb/ vt. 把…称为,给…起绰号;
preliminary
/prɪˈlɪmɪneri/ adj. 初步的,预备的;
non-peer-reviewed
adj.非同行评审的;
mere
/mɪr/ adj. 仅仅,只不过;
formality
/fɔːrˈmæləti/ n.(性质)正式,正式性;
caution
/ˈkɔːʃ(ə)n/ n. 小心,谨慎;提醒,告诫;
rush to
匆忙前往;
frictionless
/ˈfrɪkʃnləs/ adj. 无摩擦的;光滑的;
mechanics
/məˈkænɪks/ n. 机械学,力学;
resistance
/rɪˈzɪstəns/ n. 反对,抵制;抵抗,反抗;抵抗力,免疫力;阻力;电阻;
current
/ˈkɜːrənt/ n. 水流,气流;电流;思潮,趋势;
microchip
/ˈmaɪkroʊtʃɪp/ n. 微型集成电路片,微芯片;
scanner
/ˈskænər/ n. 扫描器,扫描设备;(信息或图像)扫描仪;(医用)扫描器;
electric motors
电动机;电动马达;
transmit
/trænzˈmɪt/ vt. 播送,传输,发射;传递,传达(思想、情感);
magnetism
/ˈmæɡnətɪzəm/ n. 磁性,磁力;磁学;吸引力;
mercury
/ˈmɜːrkjəri/ n. 汞,水银;
chill
/tʃɪl/ vt.(使)冷却,冰镇;
absolute zero
绝对零度;
a handful of
一把;少量;
superconductive
/ˌsʊpərkənˈdʌktɪv/ adj. 超电导的;超传导现象的;
freezing
/ˈfriːzɪŋ/ n. 冰点;
usability
/ˌjuːzəˈbɪləti/ n. 合用,可用;可用性;
精听党文化拓展
据媒体此前报道,3月7日,纽约罗切斯特大学物理学家朗加·迪亚斯在美国物理学会年会上介绍研究新进展,称团队创造出的超导可在室温和相对较低的压力下工作。
这不是迪亚斯第一次将室温超导公之于世。2020年,迪亚斯发布论文称,已经在实验室将氢、碳和硫元素,在金刚石压腔中通过光化学合成简单的碳质硫氢化物(CSH),并将其超导临界温度提升至15°C。然而,Nature认为迪亚斯的数据处理方式有问题,其实验结果也未能成功复现,因此该篇论文以被撤稿告终。
所谓超导,全称为超导电性。1908年,荷兰物理学家昂尼斯成功液化了氦气,并获得了接近绝对零度的低温4.2K(约-269摄氏度)。1911年,昂尼斯等人用液氮冷却金属汞时发现,汞的电阻在温度降至4.2K左右时急剧下降,以至于完全消失,具备完全导电性。超导的概念随之而来,人们将具备这种特性的材料称为超导材料或者超导体。
根据中航证券研报,目前,全球超导市场以低温超导为主,国内低温超导材料及应用占超导市场总量的90%以上,高温超导材料仍处于商业化初期。值得注意的是,这里提到的“低温”和“高温”是物理相对意义上的,并非日常理解中的高低温概念。比如,低温超导指的是在零下269摄氏度的液氦环境中,超导所具有的特性;而高温超导是指一些具有较其他超导物质相对较高的临界温度的物质,在液态氮的环境下产生的超导现象。
换言之,不论是低温超导还是高温超导,形成的要求多,且条件高,“室温超导”之所以引起关注,其最大的原因就是条件和要求被大大降低。
精听党每日美句
It does not matter how slowly you go as long as you do not stop.
只要你不停止,走得多慢都不重要。