每日英语听力外刊精读20230830:为什么星星有不同的颜色?


文本选自:Scientific American(科学美国人)
作者:Phil Plait
原文标题:The Colors of Stars, Explained
原文发布时间:26 Aug. 2023
The Colors of Stars, Explained
I don't really have a favorite time of year to stargaze; each season brings its own unique charms to the sky. But there is something special about summer, when the weather is milder and the Milky Way stretches high overhead, carrying a bright panoply of stars. And I do have stellar favorites, which I always look for first after stepping outside: Vega, high up in the constellation Lyra, Arcturus in Boötes and Antares in Scorpius, to name just a few.
Why these? For one, they're among the brightest stars in the sky, and they make it easier to orient myself to the heavens over my head. But—and this isn't unrelated—they also shine with brilliant hues of blue, orange and red, respectively. Only a handful of stars show any color at all, and the vast majority are just, well, white. Looking up at the starry host, you might wonder: Why are some so colorful, while others aren't?
I'm fond of quoting William Shakespeare in times like these; in his play Julius Caesar, Caesar says, "The skies are painted with unnumber'd sparks, they are all fire and every one doth shine." The esteemed bard was on to something: a star's color, it turns out, is mostly a matter of how hot its "fire" gets—though it gets that heat through thermonuclear fusion in its core and not by actually burning anything. Millennia ago astronomers noted the colors of stars, and ever since at least the Iron Age, it hasn't been too big a leap to associate those colors with temperatures.
为什么星星有不同的颜色?

精听党背景导读
漆黑的夜晚,仰望天空,我们会看到无数星辰在头顶熠熠生辉,虽说每一颗星星的亮度各不一样,但是它们光芒的颜色却很一致,几乎都呈现出柔和的黄白色。
在很多艺术作品中,“黄”或“白”两种颜色都被艺术家们不约而同地用来表现星辰,比如说梵高的名画《星月夜》,以深蓝色的天空为背景,大大小小的星星们回旋于夜空中,流动出黄白色的明亮光晕。
星星真的如我们双眼所看到的一样,只是黄白色的吗?
文本选自:Scientific American(科学美国人)作者:Phil Plait原文标题:The Colors of Stars, Explained原文发布时间:26 Aug. 2023关键词:星星 颜色 温度
精听党带着问题听
1.“高耸”用英语可以怎么表达?2. 如何理解段一中的“to name just a few”?3. 星星是怎么发热的?
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
The Colors of Stars, Explained
解释星星的颜色
段一
I don’t really have a favorite time of year to stargaze; each season brings its own unique charms to the sky. But there is something special about summer, when the weather is milder and the Milky Way stretches high overhead, carrying a bright panoply of stars. And I do have stellar favorites, which I always look for first after stepping outside: Vega, high up in the constellation Lyra, Arcturus in Boötes and Antares in Scorpius, to name just a few.
stargaze vi. 凝视星空,观赏星星;1. On clear nights, we like to stargaze and identify different constellations. 在晴朗的夜晚,我们喜欢凝视星空并辨认不同的星座。
bring charms to 为…带来魅力,为…增色;1. The colorful decorations bring charms to the festival and create a festive atmosphere. 丰富多彩的装饰为节日增色,营造了节日的氛围。
milder adj. 较温和的,不那么严重的;1. Compared to last week, the weather is milder and more comfortable. 与上周相比,天气较为温和宜人。
stretch high 高耸,延伸至高处;1. The mountain range stretches high into the sky, forming a breathtaking landscape. 这片山脉高耸入云,构成了壮观的景观。
overhead adv. 在头顶上,高处;1. During the hike, we spotted an eagle flying overhead. 在徒步旅行中,我们看到一只老鹰在头顶上飞翔。
panoply n. 大批,全套,全副;1. The museum showcased a panoply of historical artifacts from various civilizations. 博物馆展示了来自不同文明的大量历史文物。
stellar adj. 星的,恒星的;出色的,杰出的;
constellation n. 星座;
Arcturus in Boötes 牧夫座的大角星;
Antares in Scorpius 天蝎座的心宿二;
to name just a few 仅举几个例子;1. There are many beautiful places to visit in Europe—Paris, Rome, Barcelona, to name just a few. 在欧洲有许多美丽的地方可以游览——巴黎、罗马、巴塞罗那,只举几个例子。
参考译文
我并没有真正钟情于观赏星星的特定季节;每个季节都赋予天空独特的魅力。但夏天确实有些特别,天气较为温和,银河高高地横亘在头顶,点缀着繁星。我也有自己钟爱的恒星,每次走出户外,我总是首先寻找它们:在天琴座高悬的织女星、牧夫座的大角星和天蝎座的心宿二,仅举几例。
段二
Why these? For one, they’re among the brightest stars in the sky, and they make it easier to orient myself to the heavens over my head. But—and this isn’t unrelated—they also shine with brilliant hues of blue, orange and red, respectively. Only a handful of stars show any color at all, and the vast majority are just, well, white. Looking up at the starry host, you might wonder: Why are some so colorful, while others aren’t?
orient vt. 使适应,使朝向;使熟悉,使认识;确定方向;1. They needed a moment to orient themselves after arriving in the unfamiliar city. 到达陌生的城市后,他们需要一点时间来适应环境。
brilliant adj. 明亮的,鲜艳的;
hue n. 颜色,色调,色度;
respectively adv. 分别地,依次地;
a handful of 一把;一小撮;少量的;
starry host 星星的群体,星群;
参考译文
为什么会选择它们呢?首先,它们是天空中最亮的星星(之一),有助于我更容易定位头顶上的星空(天空)。但这并不是不相关的,它们也分别闪耀着明亮的蓝色、橙色和红色。只有少数星星会呈现出颜色,绝大多数只是白色。仰望星空,你可能会想:为什么有些星星如此多彩,而其他一些则不是呢?
段三
I’m fond of quoting William Shakespeare in times like these; in his play Julius Caesar, Caesar says, “The skies are painted with unnumber’d sparks, they are all fire and every one doth shine.” The esteemed bard was on to something: a star’s color, it turns out, is mostly a matter of how hot its “fire” gets—though it gets that heat through thermonuclear fusion in its core and not by actually burning anything. Millennia ago astronomers noted the colors of stars, and ever since at least the Iron Age, it hasn’t been too big a leap to associate those colors with temperatures.
be fond of 喜欢,钟爱;1. She's fond of reading books on a rainy afternoon. 她喜欢在雨天的下午读书。
quote vt. 引用;援引;报价;1. She quoted a famous line from the poem during her speech. 她在演讲中引用了诗歌中的一句名言。
esteemed bard 尊敬的诗人;受人尊敬的文学家;1. Shakespeare is often referred to as the esteemed bard of English literature. 莎士比亚常被称为英国文学的受人尊敬的诗人。
thermonuclear fusion 热核聚变;热核融合;热核熔合;热核反应;
core n. 果核;中心部分;核心,要点;地核,天体的核心;核反应堆堆芯;芯体;
millennia n. 千年;1. The ruins of ancient civilizations have survived for millennia. 古代文明的遗址已经保存了千年。
too big a leap 太大的跳跃;太大的飞跃;1. The difference between the two theories is too big a leap to accept without evidence. 这两个理论之间的差异太大,没有证据难以接受。
associate vt. 联想,联系;1. She always associates the smell of coffee with her grandmother's house. 她总是将咖啡的香味与她祖母的房子联系在一起。
参考译文
我喜欢在这种情况下引用威廉·莎士比亚的话;在他的剧作《凯撒大帝》中,凯撒说:“天空被无数的火花点缀,它们都在燃烧,每一颗都在发光。” 这位尊敬的文艺巨匠知道一些事情(说到点子上了):星星的颜色,实际上主要取决于它的“火焰”有多热,虽然它是通过核心内的热核聚变获得这种热量,而不是通过真正燃烧什么东西。几千年前,天文学家注意到了星星的颜色,至少从铁器时代开始,将这些颜色与温度联系起来也就不是太大的飞跃。
精听党每日单词
stargaze
 /ˈstɑːɡeɪz/ vi. 凝视星空,观赏星星;
bring charms to
 为…带来魅力,为…增色;
milder
 /ˈmaɪldər/ adj. 较温和的,不那么严重的;
stretch high
 高耸,延伸至高处;
overhead
 /ˌoʊvərˈhed/ adv. 在头顶上,高处;
panoply
 /ˈpænəpli/ n. 大批,全套,全副;
stellar
 /ˈstelər/ adj. 星的,恒星的;出色的,杰出的;
constellation
 /ˌkɑːnstəˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 星座;
Arcturus in Boötes
 牧夫座的大角星;
Antares in Scorpius
 天蝎座的心宿二;
to name just a few
 仅举几个例子;
orient
 /ˈɔːrient/ vt. 使适应,使朝向;使熟悉,使认识;确定方向;
brilliant
 /ˈbrɪliənt/ adj. 明亮的,鲜艳的;
hue
 /hjuː/ n. 颜色,色调,色度;
respectively
 /rɪˈspektɪvli/ adv. 分别地,依次地;
a handful of
 一把;一小撮;少量的;
starry host
 星星的群体,星群;
be fond of
 喜欢,钟爱;
quote
 /kwoʊt/ vt. 引用;援引;报价;
esteemed bard
 尊敬的诗人;受人尊敬的文学家;
thermonuclear fusion
 热核聚变;热核融合;热核熔合;热核反应;
core
 /kɔːr/ n. 果核;中心部分;核心,要点;地核,天体的核心;核反应堆堆芯;芯体;
millennia
 /mɪˈleniə/ n. 千年;
too big a leap
 太大的跳跃;太大的飞跃;
associate
 /əˈsoʊsieɪt/ vt. 联想,联系;
精听党文化拓展
星星的颜色是由它表面的温度决定的,不同的温度造就了星星不同的色彩。
呈现蓝色光的星星,表面温度能达到25000-40000度,可以说是非常“火热”了。其次是发蓝白色光的星星,其表面温度大约为10000-30000度。纯白色光的星星表面温度约在7500-10000度之间,随着温度的降低,星星的颜色会逐渐变黄,一般来说,表面温度在5000-7500度星星的颜色便是我们最常见的黄白色,比如说太阳。发红光的星星是所有星星中表面温度最低的,大约在2000-3500度左右。
一个基本规律是——光色越冷,星星的温度越高。
有趣的是,不同的颜色还代表了星星不同的“年纪”,随着“年纪”的变化,星星的颜色也会不断变化。
年轻的星星(恒星诞生初期)由于处于生命的强盛期,热核强烈聚变,温度极高,于是散发出明亮的蓝光。随着时间的推移,星星年纪越来越大,可供热核反应的原料逐渐耗尽,温度开始下降,直到死亡变成白矮星,在这过程中,它的颜色会随着温度的变化而逐渐变化。
比如说,在二千多年前《史记》的记载中,参宿四(猎户座α星)是黄色的,可是今天我们看到的它却呈现出浅橙色,说明它的温度较之千年前已经降低,开始走向衰老。
精听党每日美句
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference.
树林里分出两条路,我选择了人迹罕至的那一条,于是一切都不同了。
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