文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)
作者:Unknown
原文标题:A step towards a contraceptive pill for men?
原文发布时间:16 Feb. 2023
A step towards a contraceptive pill for men?
How often does locker-room talk involve nuanced discussion of the various types of contraceptives available, and the merits and difficulties associated with them all? In women's locker rooms, the answer is "surprisingly frequently". In men's, "hardly ever". Contraception has long been an overwhelmingly female issue.
At least in part, that is because men have little to discuss. Their choice is between condoms and vasectomy. Women, by contrast, may pick from a range which includes the Pill, vaginal rings, copper intrauterine devices, hormonal intrauterine devices, contraceptive sponges, cervical caps, spermicides, diaphragms, female condoms and tubal ligation. For decades, therefore, researchers have hunted for ways to level the playing field by extending men's options. But none of the resulting injections, gels and hormonal pills has so far advanced beyond clinical trials.
Jochen Buck and Lonny Levin, who work at Weill Cornell Medicine, in New York, have now entered a new runner into the race. Their candidate, rather than requiring the consistent and long-term application associated with pills and gels, is fast-acting and temporary. In a paper published in Nature Communications they show that, in mice at least, it works within half an hour, rendering the animals temporarily infertile by stopping their sperm swimming, but with no perceptible changes in their behaviour or sexual performance. Importantly, within a day, their fertility returns.
男性避孕药向前迈出的新步伐?
精听党背景导读
最近,美国科学家在男性避孕药研究方面有了新的突破,他们研究出了在小鼠实验中效果不错的药物,这个研究的结论是这种药物在服用后有持续两小时的药效,能够麻痹精子避免怀孕,服药超过24小时之后,生育能力则恢复。
像网友比较关注的什么时候可以上市,在什么情况下可以服用,再就是有没有副作用,这些科学家并未进行解释,因为这种药物虽然已经研究出来,但并不代表很快就可以用于人体。
文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)作者:Unknown原文标题:A step towards a contraceptive pill for men?原文发布时间:16 Feb. 2023关键词:男性 避孕用具 新进展
精听党带着问题听
1.“奖状”用英语可以如何表达?2. 男性可采取的避孕措施有哪些?3. 如何理解第三段中的“render”?
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
A step towards a contraceptive pill for men?
男性避孕药向前迈出的新步伐?
contraceptive
adj. 避孕的;1. n. 避孕用具;避孕药;避孕方法;
段一
How often does locker-room talk involve nuanced discussion of the various types of contraceptives available, and the merits and difficulties associated with them all? In women’s locker rooms, the answer is “surprisingly frequently”. In men’s, “hardly ever”. Contraception has long been an overwhelmingly female issue.
nuanced adj. 微妙的;细致的;具有细微差别的;1. nuance n. 细微差别;
merit n. 价值;荣誉;1. to see merit in sth./sb. 看到某物/某人的价值;2. to give merit to sb. for sth. 因某事归功于某人;3. certificate of merit 奖状;
contraception n. 避孕;1. to practise contraception 采取避孕措施;
overwhelmingly adv. 相当地;压倒性地,不可抵抗地;
参考译文
在更衣室的谈话中,有多少次涉及到对各种类型的避孕方式,以及与之相关的优点和困难的细致讨论?在女人的更衣室里,答案是“令人惊讶地经常发生”。在男人的更衣室里"几乎没有"。长期以来,避孕主要是一个针对女性的问题。
段二
At least in part, that is because men have little to discuss. Their choice is between condoms and vasectomy. Women, by contrast, may pick from a range which includes the Pill, vaginal rings, copper intrauterine devices, hormonal intrauterine devices, contraceptive sponges, cervical caps, spermicides, diaphragms, female condoms and tubal ligation. For decades, therefore, researchers have hunted for ways to level the playing field by extending men’s options. But none of the resulting injections, gels and hormonal pills has so far advanced beyond clinical trials.
condom n. 避孕套;
vasectomy n. 输精管切除术;
range n. 幅度;范围;水平;1. The dress is available in a range of sizes. 这种连衣裙有各种尺寸。2. salary/price range 工资/价格幅度;
vaginal ring 阴道环;
intrauterine adj. 子宫内的;
hormonal adj. 荷尔蒙的,激素的;
cervical cap 宫颈帽;1. cervical adj. 颈的;子宫颈的;
spermicide n. 杀精剂;
diaphragm n. 隔膜;避孕隔膜;子宫帽(避孕用具);
tubal ligation n. 输卵管结扎;1. ligation n. 结扎;
参考译文
至少在某种程度上,这是因为男性没有什么可讨论的。他们的选择是避孕套和输精管切除术。相比之下,女性可以从一系列产品中选择,包括避孕药、阴道环、铜质宫内避孕器、激素宫内避孕器、避孕海绵、宫颈帽、杀精剂、避孕膜、女用避孕套和输卵管结扎。因此,几十年来,研究人员一直在寻找方法,通过扩大男性的选择,使竞争环境更加公平。但迄今为止,由此研发的注射剂、凝胶和激素药丸都没有通过临床试验。
段三
Jochen Buck and Lonny Levin, who work at Weill Cornell Medicine, in New York, have now entered a new runner into the race. Their candidate, rather than requiring the consistent and long-term application associated with pills and gels, is fast-acting and temporary. In a paper published in Nature Communications they show that, in mice at least, it works within half an hour, rendering the animals temporarily infertile by stopping their sperm swimming, but with no perceptible changes in their behaviour or sexual performance. Importantly, within a day, their fertility returns.
fast-acting adj. 快速的;快速起作用的;
temporary adj. 暂时的,临时的;短期的,短暂的;
render vt. 使成为,使处于某种状态;给予,提供;1. to render sb. unconscious/homeless/speechless 使某人失去知觉/无家可归/说不出话;2. to render sth. impossible or unlikely 使某事不可能;
infertile adj. 不育的;不结果实的;不能生殖的;
perceptible adj. 可察觉的;可感知的;看得见的;
参考译文
在纽约威尔康奈尔医学院工作的Jochen Buck和Lonny Levin,现在已经在比赛中加入了一个新的选手。他们的候选药物,不需要与药片和凝胶等相关药物比持续性和长期应用,它可以快速起效,且只在当下起效。在发表于《自然通讯》的一篇论文中,他们表明至少在小鼠身上,它在半小时内就能起效,通过阻止精子游动使动物暂时不孕,但它们的行为或性表现没有明显的变化。重要的是,在一天之内,它们的生育能力就会恢复。
精听党每日单词
contraceptive
/ˌkɑːntrəˈseptɪv/ adj. 避孕的;
nuanced
/ˈnuːˌɑːnst/ adj. 微妙的;细致的;具有细微差别的;
merit
/ˈmerɪt/ n. 价值;荣誉;
contraception
/ˌkɑːntrəˈsepʃn/ n. 避孕;
overwhelmingly
/ˌoʊvərˈwelmɪŋli/ adv. 相当地;压倒性地,不可抵抗地;
condom
/ˈkɑːndəm/ n. 避孕套;
vasectomy
/vəˈsektəmi/ n. 输精管切除术;
range
/reɪndʒ/ n. 幅度;范围;水平;
vaginal ring
阴道环;
intrauterine
/ˌɪntrəˈjuːtəraɪn/ adj. 子宫内的;
hormonal
/hɔːrˈmoʊnl/ adj. 荷尔蒙的,激素的;
cervical cap
宫颈帽;
spermicide
/ˈspɜːrmɪsaɪd/ n. 杀精剂;
diaphragm
/ˈdaɪəfræm/ n. 隔膜;避孕隔膜;子宫帽(避孕用具);
tubal ligation
n. 输卵管结扎;
fast-acting
/fæst ˈæktɪŋ/ adj. 快速的;快速起作用的;
temporary
/ˈtempəreri/ adj. 暂时的,临时的;短期的,短暂的;
render
/ˈrendər/ vt. 使成为,使处于某种状态;给予,提供;
infertile
/ɪnˈfɜːrtl/ adj. 不育的;不结果实的;不能生殖的;
perceptible
/pərˈseptəbl/ adj. 可察觉的;可感知的;看得见的;
精听党文化拓展
口服避孕药自诞生至今50年来,走过了保证避孕有效性,提高使用安全性,并给女性带来更多益处这3个发展阶段。现代口服避孕药的雌激素含量已经从最早的150微克降至50微克以下,这一剂量对人体已非常安全了。而孕激素成分的不断革新,则让女性在有效避孕之外收获更多。
复方口服避孕药(COC)诞生于1960年,它是雌激素与孕激素的混合制剂。因为合成的孕激素并不能完全模拟人体内自身激素水平的调节,除了避孕这个主要效果外,还会带来痤疮和体重上升等让人不堪承受的副作用,所以科学家们一直在努力开发避孕效果更好、副作用更小的口服避孕药。几十年来,随着医学科学和有机合成化学的发展,口服避孕药中的孕激素经历了一代又一代的变迁,不仅避孕效果逐渐提高,药物的副作用也在不断减轻。到目前为止,随着制剂中包含的合成孕激素的更新换代,市场上已经出现了第四代口服避孕药。
第一代孕激素即炔诺酮、甲地孕酮,它们属于雄激素衍生物,使用剂量大,副作用较强。第二代孕激素即左炔诺孕酮,市面在售的避孕药品中仍能见到这一成分。
第三代孕激素即去氧孕烯(地索高诺酮)、孕二烯酮,除副作用较少外,相比以前的孕激素,避孕效率更高;同时有抗雌激素作用,可使妇女原有的痤疮减轻或消失。但同第二代一样,第三代药物仍会导致水钠潴留,不能对抗体重增加。不过除此之外,第三代避孕药已可以实现预防卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌的作用。
第四代孕激素是新采用的屈螺酮,这是一种与传统孕激素结构不同的激素。在保持高效避孕能力的同时,它可有效对抗传统避孕药物引起的浮肿和体重上升现象。另外,它还沿袭了第三代口服避孕药对一些恶性肿瘤的预防效果;同时对女性生育能力和后代的健康发育并没有不良影响,停药后即可怀孕。
精听党每日美句
As heroes think, so thought Bruce.
英雄所见略同。