文本选自:The Atlantic(大西洋月刊)
作者:Kaitlyn Tiffany
原文标题:The Supreme Court Actually Understands the Internet
原文发布时间:25 Feb. 2023
The Supreme Court Actually Understands the Internet
For the first time, the Supreme Court is considering its opinion on the brief but powerful "26 words that created the internet." Enacted in 1996, Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act immunizes online platforms from liability for anything that is posted on their site by a third party—a protection that allowed the web to bloom by encouraging experimentation and interactivity in its early years. More recently, Section 230 has been the subject of scrutiny as bipartisan critics argue that it provides powerful tech companies with too much cover and too little accountability.
The Supreme Court's perspective on the issue was a mystery until this week, when justices heard oral arguments for two cases involving 230. On Tuesday, the Court was asked to consider whether Google is liable for YouTube-recommendation algorithms showing Islamic State videos to users. Wednesday's case was similar but dealt with Twitter's alleged responsibility for ISIS members using its platform to recruit and fundraise.
Whatever the justices decide, it will be a major moment in web history: Affirming 230 would put greater pressure on Congress or regulatory agencies to come up with their own ideas for modernizing the legal guardrails of the internet, and reinterpreting it would force tech companies of all sizes to mutate in order to avoid liability. The direction and tone of the questioning suggest that the justices lean more toward the former, though the Court's opinions aren't likely to be published for at least a few months.
美国最高法院真的理解互联网
精听党背景导读
第230条还是克林顿政府时期于1996年互联网刚兴起时制定的《通信规范法》(Communications Decency Act, CDA)其中的一条,该法案的初衷是监管网络低俗、暴力和色情的内容。这个法案隔年被美国最高法院全票通过认为其违反了美国宪法第一修正案,但是最高法院保留了其中的第230条。
第230条规定,互联网平台无需为第三方使用者发表的内容负法律责任;同时,允许互联网平台基于“善意原因封锁和屏蔽冒犯性内容”。
文本选自:The Atlantic(大西洋月刊)作者:Kaitlyn Tiffany原文标题:The Supreme Court Actually Understands the Internet原文发布时间:25 Feb. 2023关键词:最高法院 第230条 言论自由
精听党带着问题听
1.“流动负债”用英语可以怎么表达?2. 为什么第230条在最近成为了审查的对象?3. 如何理解第三段的“lean toward”?
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
The Supreme Court Actually Understands the Internet
最高法院真的理解互联网
supreme
adj.(级别或地位)最高的,至高无上的;
段一
For the first time, the Supreme Court is considering its opinion on the brief but powerful “26 words that created the internet.” Enacted in 1996, Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act immunizes online platforms from liability for anything that is posted on their site by a third party—a protection that allowed the web to bloom by encouraging experimentation and interactivity in its early years. More recently, Section 230 has been the subject of scrutiny as bipartisan critics argue that it provides powerful tech companies with too much cover and too little accountability.
enact vt. 通过(法律);
section n. 节;款;项;段;部分;1. These issues will be discussed more fully in the next section. 这些问题将在下一节中有更充分的讨论。
immunize vt.(常指通过注射疫苗)使免疫;
liability n.(法律上应承担的)责任,义务;负债,债务;1. legal liability [法] 法律责任;法定义务;2. current liability 流动负债;短期负债;
post vt. 张贴;公布;1. The results will be posted on the Internet. 结果将在互联网上公布。
a third party 第三方;
bloom vi. 蓬勃发展;1. Many economies bloomed in 1990. 许多经济体在1990年蓬勃发展。
scrutiny n. 仔细检查;认真彻底的审查;1. The documents should be available for public scrutiny . 这些文件须公之于世,交由公众审议。
bipartisan adj. 两党连立的;代表两党的;
cover n. 覆盖物,盖子,罩子;封面,封底;保险;掩护;掩饰;保护;
accountability n. 责任,责任心;问责制;1. accountability system 问责制;责任追究制度;2. Good management in the police cannot be divorced from accountability. 警政的良好管理离不开问责制。
参考译文
美国最高法院首次就简短而有力的“创造互联网的26个词”发表意见。1996年颁布的《通信规范法》第230条规定,网络平台无需为第三方在其网站上发布的任何内容承担任何责任。这种保护措施通过鼓励实验和互动,使网络在早期得以蓬勃发展。最近,第230条成为了审查的对象,两党批评人士认为,它为强大的科技公司提供了太多的保护,但问责制太少。
段二
The Supreme Court’s perspective on the issue was a mystery until this week, when justices heard oral arguments for two cases involving 230. On Tuesday, the Court was asked to consider whether Google is liable for YouTube-recommendation algorithms showing Islamic State videos to users. Wednesday’s case was similar but dealt with Twitter’s alleged responsibility for ISIS members using its platform to recruit and fundraise.
perspective n.(观察问题的)视角,观点;1. from another perspective 从另一个角度;
mystery n. 难以理解(或解释)的事物,奥秘;神秘的人(或事物);
be liable for 有……责任;有……义务;1. You will be liable for any damage caused. 你必须对造成的任何损失负赔偿责任。
algorithm n.(尤指计算机)算法,运算法则;
alleged adj.(未经证实而)声称的,所谓的;(在证据不足的情况下)被指控的;1. They have begun a hunger strike in protest at the alleged beating. 他们已经开始了绝食以抗议所指称的打人事件。
ISIS abbr. 伊斯兰国(Islamic State,缩写IS),前称为“伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国”(Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham,缩写ISIS);
fundraise vi. 募捐;
参考译文
最高法院对这个问题的看法一直是个谜,直到本周,大法官们听取了涉及第230条的两起案件的口头辩论。周二,法院被要求考虑谷歌是否对向用户展示伊斯兰国视频的油管推荐算法负责。周三的案件与此类似,但涉及的是推特涉嫌对伊斯兰国成员利用其平台进行招募和筹款负有责任。
段三
Whatever the justices decide, it will be a major moment in web history: Affirming 230 would put greater pressure on Congress or regulatory agencies to come up with their own ideas for modernizing the legal guardrails of the internet, and reinterpreting it would force tech companies of all sizes to mutate in order to avoid liability. The direction and tone of the questioning suggest that the justices lean more toward the former, though the Court’s opinions aren’t likely to be published for at least a few months.
affirm vt. 肯定属实;申明;断言;1. I can affirm that no one will lose their job. 我可以肯定,谁都不会丢掉工作。
come up with 提出;想出;1. They always come up with some contrivance to raise prices. 他们总是想出一些诡计来提价。
guardrail n. 护栏;栏杆;[铁路] 护轨;
reinterpret vt. 重新解释;重新诠释;
mutate vi.(使)变异,突变;变成;1. Overnight, the gossip begins to mutate into headlines. 一夜之间,流言蜚语开始变成头条新闻了。
lean toward 倾向,偏向(尤指某意见或利益);1. The UK leant towards the US proposal. 英国倾向于美国的提案。
参考译文
无论法官们的决定是什么,这都将是网络历史上的一个重要时刻:确认第230条将给国会或监管机构带来更大的压力,迫使他们提出自己的想法,使互联网的法律护栏现代化,而重新解释它将迫使各种规模的科技公司为了逃避责任而做出改变。提问的方向和语气表明,大法官们更倾向于前者,不过最高法院的意见至少在几个月内不太可能公布。
精听党每日单词
supreme
/suˈpriːm/ adj.(级别或地位)最高的,至高无上的;
enact
/ɪˈnækt/ vt. 通过(法律);
section
/ˈsekʃ(ə)n/ n. 节;款;项;段;部分;
immunize
/ˈɪmjunaɪz/ vt.(常指通过注射疫苗)使免疫;
liability
/ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti/ n.(法律上应承担的)责任,义务;负债,债务;
post
/poʊst/ vt. 张贴;公布;
a third party
第三方;
bloom
/bluːm/ vi. 蓬勃发展;
scrutiny
/ˈskruːtəni/ n. 仔细检查;认真彻底的审查;
bipartisan
/ˌbaɪˈpɑːrtɪs(ə)n/ adj. 两党连立的;代表两党的;
cover
/ˈkʌvər/ n. 覆盖物,盖子,罩子;封面,封底;保险;掩护;掩饰;保护;
accountability
/əˌkaʊntəˈbɪləti/ n. 责任,责任心;问责制;
perspective
/pərˈspektɪv/ n.(观察问题的)视角,观点;
mystery
/ˈmɪstəri/ n. 难以理解(或解释)的事物,奥秘;神秘的人(或事物);
be liable for
有……责任;有……义务;
algorithm
/ˈælɡərɪðəm/ n.(尤指计算机)算法,运算法则;
alleged
/əˈledʒd/ adj.(未经证实而)声称的,所谓的;(在证据不足的情况下)被指控的;
ISIS
abbr. 伊斯兰国(Islamic State,缩写IS),前称为“伊拉克和大叙利亚伊斯兰国”(Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham,缩写ISIS);
fundraise
/ˈfʌndreɪz/ vi. 募捐;
affirm
/əˈfɜːrm/ vt. 肯定属实;申明;断言;
come up with
提出;想出;
guardrail
/ˈɡɑrdˌrel/ n. 护栏;栏杆;[铁路] 护轨;
reinterpret
/ˌriːɪnˈtɜːrprət/ vt. 重新解释;重新诠释;
mutate
/ˈmjuːteɪt/ vi.(使)变异,突变;变成;
lean toward
倾向,偏向(尤指某意见或利益);
精听党文化拓展
2020年9月,美国司法部提交了修改第230条的立法提案,并表示,“互联网商业模式发展20多年后,互联网领域发生了巨大变化,已经不适宜继续为在线平台提供过多的豁免空间。”
讨论当前平台是否享受“过多的豁免空间”,需要回到法律条文本身。第230条第一部分规定,信息服务提供商不应被视为第三方信息的“出版者”(publisher)或“发言人”(speaker)。这种对是否为“出版者”的界定,其立法思路正是对传统媒介法规的借鉴和延续。
在网络媒介出现之前,根据是否有能力对内容进行“编辑和控制”,形成了出版者 (publisher)和散布者(distributor)两个概念的区分——作为“第三方”角色的后者,内容监管义务更少,承担的责任也更轻。第230条赋予网络平台的豁免权,很大程度也是建立在对“出版者”和“散布者”两个概念的区分上,使得属于后者的网络服务提供商在内容监管方面得以免责。然而“出版者”与“散布者”的二分法在传统媒体环境中适用良好,但移植到互联网特别是社交网络环境时,则容易出现认定上的分歧。
如今,社交平台虽然不是对特定内容进行文字层面的编辑,但基于算法的内容筛选、个性化呈现其实是更为隐蔽、系统的“编辑”与“控制”。“比如说个性化推荐或者广告精准推送等,通过将用户画像、社交关系以及信息环境进行匹配,向用户显示特定的内容,那么这里是不是就涉及到对于信息呈现的把关式编辑?我觉得是有这个问题的。”方师师对《财经》E法表示。
曾经作为“散布者”的网络平台具有了“出版者”的色彩,对内容的控制能力变强,甚至直接介入了内容的制作。遵循权责一致的原则,无疑需要重新评估各大数字平台内容治理的责任范围。新泽西州民主党议员小弗兰克·帕隆(Frank Pallone Jr.)在听证会上说:“我们的法律给了这些公司一张空头支票,它们可以什么都不做,包括不必限制虚假信息的传播。”
精听党每日美句
Life is but a hard and tortuous journey.
人生即是一段艰难曲折的旅程,人生无坦途。