文本选自：The New York Times（纽约时报）
作者：Alisha Haridasani Gupta and Knvul Sheikh
原文标题：Zinc? Honey? Ginger? What Actually Helps When You Have a Cold or the Flu?
原文发布时间：27 Nov. 2023
Zinc? Honey? Ginger? What Actually Helps When You Have a Cold or the Flu?
It's that time of year again, when stuffy noses and irrepressible coughs start to show up everywhere. The best precaution you can take against influenza or Covid infection is to get vaccinated. But there is little you can do for the common cold and other respiratory illnesses, especially once you get sick. Most are caused by viruses, so you cannot cure them with antibiotics, which are used to treat bacterial infections. While drugs like Paxlovid are accessible for treating Covid, antiviral treatments for influenza, like Tamiflu, are usually reserved for people who have tested positive for the flu and are at risk of developing severe complications, such as those who are pregnant, elderly or immunocompromised.
For everyone else, doctors suggest resting and waiting out your symptoms — which for flu, can include a fever, headache, body aches and a stuffy or runny nose that lasts three to five days. Some people may also develop a cough or sore throat or experience fatigue, which can last a little longer, said Dr. H. Keipp Talbot, an associate professor of medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
Symptoms of the common cold are incredibly similar, which is why people tend to "call everything that's in the winter the flu, " Dr. Talbot said. But cold symptoms are generally slower to build up, are milder than what you would experience with the flu and are unlikely to result in serious health problems. (People with Covid also experience respiratory symptoms; testing is the best way to know which virus you most likely have.
锌？蜂蜜？姜？当你得感冒或流感时，什么能真正帮助你
精听党背景导读
“有一种说法是，如果你治疗感冒，症状会在七天内消失，如果你不去管它，症状会在一周内消失。”
几代人以来，无数的家庭疗法（如煮姜茶和药草）都有助于控制感冒和流感症状，如喉咙痛或充血。多年来，科学家们也一直在进行研究，试图量化其中一些疗法的效果，它们应该使用的频率，以及哪种配方最有效。但这些研究往往规模较小，或者没有显示出多大疗效。
文本选自：The New York Times（纽约时报）作者：Alisha Haridasani Gupta and Knvul Sheikh原文标题：Zinc? Honey? Ginger? What Actually Helps When You Have a Cold or the Flu?原文发布时间：27 Nov. 2023关键词：感冒 流感 预防
精听党带着问题听
1.“并发症”用英语可以怎么表达？2. 流感的症状有哪些？3. 如何理解第二段的“runny nose”？
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
Zinc? Honey? Ginger? What Actually Helps When You Have a Cold or the Flu?
锌？蜂蜜？姜？当你得感冒或流感时，什么能真正帮助你？
zinc n. 锌；1. Zinc is an essential mineral for human health. 锌是人体健康所必需的矿物质。
ginger n. 生姜；姜（产于东南亚，外表似竹）；1. Ginger is a root used as a spice in cooking. 姜是在烹饪中用作香料的根。
flu n. 流行性感冒，流感；1. The flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. 流感是由流感病毒引起的传染性呼吸道疾病。
段一
It’s that time of year again, when stuffy noses and irrepressible coughs start to show up everywhere. The best precaution you can take against influenza or Covid infection is to get vaccinated. But there is little you can do for the common cold and other respiratory illnesses, especially once you get sick. Most are caused by viruses, so you cannot cure them with antibiotics, which are used to treat bacterial infections. While drugs like Paxlovid are accessible for treating Covid, antiviral treatments for influenza, like Tamiflu, are usually reserved for people who have tested positive for the flu and are at risk of developing severe complications, such as those who are pregnant, elderly or immunocompromised.
stuffy nose 鼻塞；1. I can't sleep well because of my stuffy nose. 我的鼻子堵得难受，睡不好觉。2. Stuffy noses are a common symptom of a cold. 鼻塞是感冒的常见症状。
irrepressible adj. 抑制不住的；1. Irrepressible coughs can be very annoying. 抑制不住的咳嗽可能非常烦人。
cough n. 咳嗽（病）；咳，咳嗽声；
influenza n. 流行性感冒；流感；1. Influenza is a highly contagious viral infection. 流感是一种高度传染性的病毒感染。
vaccinate vt. 给…接种疫苗；接种疫苗；1. Everyone should get vaccinated to protect against Covid. 每个人都应该接种疫苗以防止Covid。
common cold 普通感冒；1. The common cold is a viral infection of the nose and throat. 普通感冒是鼻子和喉咙的病毒感染。
respiratory illness 呼吸道疾病；1. Respiratory illnesses can be caused by various viruses and bacteria. 呼吸道疾病可以由各种病毒和细菌引起。
antibiotics n. [药] 抗生素；抗生学；1. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections. 抗生素用于治疗细菌感染。
reserve vt. 预订；保留，预留；拥有，保留（某种权利）；留作，用于（特定场合）；
complication n. 并发症；
pregnant adj. 怀孕的，妊娠的；
immunocompromised adj. 免疫功能不全的；
参考译文
又到了每年的这个时候，鼻塞和无法抑制的咳嗽开始到处出现。预防流感或新冠感染的最佳措施是接种疫苗。但对于普通感冒和其他呼吸道疾病，你几乎无能为力，尤其是一旦你生病了。这些疾病大多数是由病毒引起的，所以你不能用抗生素来治愈这些疾病，因为抗生素是用来治疗细菌感染的。虽然可以使用Paxlovid等药物治疗新冠，但达菲（Tamiflu）等治疗流感的抗病毒药物通常只适用于流感检测呈阳性且有严重并发症风险的人，比如孕妇、老年人或免疫功能低下的人。
段二
For everyone else, doctors suggest resting and waiting out your symptoms — which for flu, can include a fever, headache, body aches and a stuffy or runny nose that lasts three to five days. Some people may also develop a cough or sore throat or experience fatigue, which can last a little longer, said Dr. H. Keipp Talbot, an associate professor of medicine at Vanderbilt University Medical Center.
wait out your symptoms 等待你的症状消退；1. Waiting out your symptoms is sometimes the best course of action. 有时候，等待你的症状消退是最好的行动方案。
fever n. 发烧，发热；1. Fever is a common symptom of many illnesses. 发热是许多疾病的常见症状。
runny nose 流鼻涕；
sore throat 喉咙痛；
fatigue n. 疲乏，厌倦；1. Fatigue can be a sign of overwork or illness. 疲劳可能是过度工作或疾病的迹象。
associate professor 副教授；
参考译文
对于其他人，医生建议休息并等待你的症状消失——对于流感来说，症状可能包括发烧、头痛、身体疼痛以及持续三到五天的鼻塞或流鼻涕。范德比尔特大学医学中心的医学副教授凯普·塔尔博特博士说，有些人可能还会出现咳嗽、喉咙痛或疲劳，这些症状可能会持续更长时间。
段三
Symptoms of the common cold are incredibly similar, which is why people tend to “call everything that’s in the winter the flu,” Dr. Talbot said. But cold symptoms are generally slower to build up, are milder than what you would experience with the flu and are unlikely to result in serious health problems. (People with Covid also experience respiratory symptoms; testing is the best way to know which virus you most likely have.)
incredibly adv. 极端地；极其；1. incredibly lucky/stupid/difficult/beautiful 极其幸运/愚蠢/困难/美丽；
build up 增高；加强；
result in 造成；导致；1. The cyclone has resulted in many thousands of deaths. 气旋已经造成了成千上万的人死亡。
respiratory symptom 呼吸道症状；1. Respiratory symptoms can include coughing and shortness of breath. 呼吸道症状可以包括咳嗽和呼吸急促。
参考译文
普通感冒的症状非常相似，这就是为什么人们倾向于“把冬天的一切都称为流感，”塔尔博特博士说。但跟你患流感的症状相比，感冒的症状通常增强得较慢，也更温和，不太可能导致严重的健康问题。(感染冠状病毒的患者还会出现呼吸道症状；而检测是了解你最有可能感染哪种病毒的最好方法。)
精听党每日单词
zinc
/zɪŋk/ n. 锌；
ginger
/ˈdʒɪndʒər/ n. 生姜；姜（产于东南亚，外表似竹）；
flu
/fluː/ n. 流行性感冒，流感；
stuffy nose
鼻塞；
irrepressible
/ˌɪrɪˈpresəb(ə)l/ adj. 抑制不住的；
cough
/kɔːf/ n. 咳嗽（病）；咳，咳嗽声；
influenza
/ˌɪnfluˈenzə/ n. 流行性感冒；流感；
vaccinate
/ˈvæksɪneɪt/ vt. 给…接种疫苗；接种疫苗；
common cold
普通感冒；
respiratory illness
呼吸道疾病；
antibiotics
/ˌæntibaɪˈɑːtɪks/ n. [药] 抗生素；抗生学；
reserve
/rɪˈzɜːrv/ vt. 预订；保留，预留；拥有，保留（某种权利）；留作，用于（特定场合）；
complication
/ˌkɑːmplɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 并发症；
pregnant
/ˈpreɡnənt/ adj. 怀孕的，妊娠的；
immunocompromised
/ˌɪmjənoʊˈkɑːmprəˌmaɪzd/ adj. 免疫功能不全的；
wait out your symptoms
等待症状消退；
fever
/ˈfiːvər/ n. 发烧，发热；
runny nose
流鼻涕；
sore throat
喉咙痛；
fatigue
/fəˈtiːɡ/ n. 疲乏，厌倦；
associate professor
副教授；
incredibly
/ɪnˈkredəbli/ adv. 极端地；极其；
build up
增高；加强；
result in
造成；导致；
respiratory symptom
呼吸道症状；
精听党文化拓展
维生素C可以帮助治疗感冒，这个想法并不新鲜。20世纪70年代，诺贝尔奖得主莱纳斯·鲍林（Linus Pauling）将它推广开来，引发了对这种营养物质的需求激增。从那以后，与保健行业有关的科学家们提出，维生素C有助于支持人体各种功能，比如免疫细胞发现和抵抗感染的能力。
不过，这种营养素的有效性仍有争议。首先，人体无法像补充剂中那样储存高剂量的维生素 C，任何多余的维生素C通常都会随尿液排出体外。一些临床试验发现，服用维生素C补充剂的时间可能对其有效性至关重要：例如，2013年发表的一项对维生素C试验的综述分析表明，定期补充维生素C，甚至在你开始感到不舒服之前补充维生素C，可以将感冒的时间缩短一天左右。但在出现症状后服用维生素C，则并不一定会有作用。
在一些研究中，接骨木果是感冒和流感糖浆中的一种常见成分，特别是那些针对幼儿的糖浆，在疾病开始前或刚开始时服用，可以缩短症状的持续时间。但罗姆博士说，相关的数据量非常有限。接骨木莓含有强大的抗氧化剂和被称为花青素的化学物质，在实验室实验中已经证明有助于免疫功能。
精听党长难句分析
While drugs like Paxlovid are accessible for treating Covid, antiviral treatments for influenza, like Tamiflu, are usually reserved for people who have tested positive for the flu and are at risk of developing severe complications, such as those who are pregnant, elderly or immunocompromised.
主句结构: 句子的核心是一个复合句，由两个主要分句组成，分别通过连词 "while" 连接。这个连词表达了对比关系。
第一部分: "While drugs like Paxlovid are accessible for treating Covid,"
主语: "drugs like Paxlovid"
谓语: "are"
表语: "accessible for treating Covid"
这部分是一个状语从句，修饰下文的主句。
第二部分: "antiviral treatments for influenza, like Tamiflu, are usually reserved for people who have tested positive for the flu and are at risk of developing severe complications, such as those who are pregnant, elderly or immunocompromised."
主语: "antiviral treatments for influenza, like Tamiflu"
谓语: "are"
表语: "usually reserved for people who have tested positive for the flu and are at risk of developing severe complications"
定语从句: "who have tested positive for the flu and are at risk of developing severe complications" 修饰 "people"
后置定语: "such as those who are pregnant, elderly or immunocompromised" 进一步说明 "people"
语法结构:
这个句子使用了比较结构（"while"），对两种药物的可获得性进行了对比。
使用了像 "like Paxlovid" 和 "like Tamiflu" 这样的短语来举例说明主题。
句子中包含了多个修饰语和从句，使得信息丰富而详细。
语义功能:
这个句子的目的是对比两种不同类型的抗病毒治疗（针对COVID-19和流感）的可获得性和使用条件。
它通过详细描述特定人群（如孕妇、老年人或免疫力低下者），强调了Tamiflu使用的具体情况。
精听党每日美句
"The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams." – Eleanor Roosevelt
“未来属于那些相信自己梦想之美的人。” – 埃莉诺·罗斯福