文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)
作者:Unknown
原文标题:Banana index, a different way to measure the climate impact of food
原文发布时间:9 May 2023
Banana index, a different way to measure the climate impact
of food
Eating a juicy steak is worse for the environment than frying up some tofu: that much should come as no surprise. Going vegan can dramatically cut the carbon footprint of your diet. But what about the fewer calories, and lower levels of protein, found in most plant-based foods when compared with meat? That makes it hard to compare emissions of meals that are equally nutritious. To make the relative carbon impact of foods easier to digest, The Economist proposes a banana index. It compares popular foodstuffs on three metrics—weight, calories and protein—indexed to the humble banana, a fruit of middling climate impact and nutritional value.
Indexing greenhouse-gas emissions to a single food gives a sense of how different foodstuffs rank. Unfortunately for carnivores, beef is bad for the environment no matter how you slice it. Producing one kilogram of mince causes as many emissions as 109kg of bananas (call it a "banana score" of 109). Adjust for nutritional value, and beef's banana score falls to 54 (one calorie of beef mince causes 54 times as much carbon emissions as one calorie of banana). By protein, it scores seven.
Poultry scores 11 bananas by weight and four by calorie. Unsurprisingly, plant-based alternatives to meat do even better: a meat-free burger, for instance, scores just one-fifth of the emissions of bananas per gram of protein.
换一种方法衡量食物对气候影响,香蕉指数登场
精听党背景导读
肉类食物碳足迹要远高于植物类,通常要高一个数量级。在肉类中,牛羊肉碳足迹最高,虾、猪肉、鸡肉、鱼依次靠后。巧克力和咖啡碳足迹仅次于牛羊肉和奶制品。
生产牛肉的碳排放足迹高达60kgCO₂e/kg牛肉,远高于其它肉类,是鸡肉碳足迹的10倍,且其温室气体排放主要来自排放的二氧化碳。同样作为反刍动物的羊同样产生较高的碳足迹,在所有食物中排第二。以牛、羊为主的奶酪同样无法幸免,碳足迹水平有21kgCO₂e。
文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)作者:Unknown原文标题:Banana index, a different way to measure the climate impact of food原文发布时间:9 May 2023关键词:气候 食物 香蕉
精听党带着问题听
1.“房价指数”用英语可以怎么表达?2. 如何理解第一段中的“humble”?3. 家禽按重量计算时香蕉分是多少?
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
Banana index, a different way to measure the climate impact of food
换一种方法衡量食物对气候影响,香蕉指数登场
index n. 指数;指标;1. the cost-of-living index 生活费用指数;2. house price indexes 房价指数;
climate impact 气候影响;
段一
Eating a juicy steak is worse for the environment than frying up some tofu: that much should come as no surprise. Going vegan can dramatically cut the carbon footprint of your diet. But what about the fewer calories, and lower levels of protein, found in most plant-based foods when compared with meat? That makes it hard to compare emissions of meals that are equally nutritious. To make the relative carbon impact of foods easier to digest, The Economist proposes a banana index. It compares popular foodstuffs on three metrics—weight, calories and protein—indexed to the humble banana, a fruit of middling climate impact and nutritional value.
juicy adj. 多汁的,汁液丰富的;1. juicy peach 水蜜桃;2. juicy burger 多汁汉堡;
steak n. 肉排,(尤指)牛排;1. pork steak 没骨头的猪排;
fry vi. 油炸;油煎;油炒;1. fried fish 炸鱼;
tofu n. 豆腐;
come as no surprise 不足为奇,意料之中;1. This may come as no surprise. 这个结果也许并不意外。
vegan adj. 严格素食的,不吃肉的;1. n. 纯素食者,严格的素食主义者;
Be vegan, go green, save the planet. 开始吃素,加入环保,拯救地球。
dramatically adv. 明显地;
carbon footprint 碳足迹;碳排放量;
plant-based adj. 植物性的;
emission n. 射出,排放;1. the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere 向大气排放二氧化碳;
nutritious adj. 有营养的,营养丰富的;
digest vi. 理解,领悟;消化;
propose vt. 提出(理论或解释);求婚;1. propose marriage 求婚;
foodstuff n. 食品,食物;
metric n. 度量;
index vt. 将(工资等)与(物价水平等)挂钩;1. Minimum benefits and wages are to be indexed to inflation. 最低养老金和最低工资都要与通货膨胀挂钩。
humble adj. 不大的;没有特别之处的;
middling adj. 中等的,一般的;
参考译文
吃多汁的牛排比炸豆腐对环境的危害更大:这一点应该不足为奇。吃素可以极大地减少你饮食中的碳足迹。但是,与肉类相比,大多数植物性食物的卡路里和蛋白质含量更低,这又如何呢?这让人很难比较营养价值相同的不同食物的排放情况。为了让食物的“相对碳影响”更直观易理解,《经济学人》提出了一个香蕉指数。香蕉对气候的影响和它的营养价值都较为适中,用三个指标——重量、卡路里和蛋白质——将常见的食物与不起眼的香蕉挂钩比较。
段二
Indexing greenhouse-gas emissions to a single food gives a sense of how different foodstuffs rank. Unfortunately for carnivores, beef is bad for the environment no matter how you slice it. Producing one kilogram of mince causes as many emissions as 109kg of bananas (call it a “banana score” of 109). Adjust for nutritional value, and beef’s banana score falls to 54 (one calorie of beef mince causes 54 times as much carbon emissions as one calorie of banana). By protein, it scores seven.
greenhouse-gas n. 二氧化碳、甲烷等导致温室效应的气体;
a sense of 一种…感觉;1. a sense of belonging 归属感;2. a sense of responsibility 责任感;
rank vi. 把…分等级;属于某等级;1. top-ranked players 一流的选手;
carnivore n. 食肉动物;
slice vt. 把…切成薄片;切;
mince n. 绞碎的肉,肉末(尤指牛肉);
as much carbon emissions as 同样多的碳排放;
参考译文
将温室气体排放与单一食物挂钩可以让人们了解不同食物的排放等级。食肉族要遗憾了:无论你怎么切,牛肉都对环境无益。生产一公斤牛肉末产生的碳排放相当于生产109公斤香蕉(即 “香蕉分”为109分)。调整为按营养价值计,牛肉的香蕉分降至54分(生产1卡路里牛肉末产生的碳排放量是生产1卡路里香蕉的54倍)。按蛋白质计算,牛肉末的香蕉分是7分。
段三
Poultry scores 11 bananas by weight and four by calorie. However, as a source of protein, it is more carbon-friendly than bananas: poultry protein emits just three-fifths of the same amount of banana protein. The same applies to salmon. Unsurprisingly, plant-based alternatives to meat do even better: a meat-free burger, for instance, scores just one-fifth of the emissions of bananas per gram of protein.
poultry n. 家禽;家禽肉;
carbon-friendly adj. 低碳环保的;
emit vt. 排放,散发;
apply to 适用于;可应用于;
salmon n. 鲑鱼,三文鱼;
alternative n. 可供选择的事物,替代物;
per gram 每克;
参考译文
家禽按重量计算时香蕉分为11分,按卡路里计为4分。不过,作为一种蛋白质来源,它比香蕉更环保:蛋白质含量相同时,家禽的排放仅为香蕉的五分之三。三文鱼也一样。不出所料,植物基肉类替代品还更环保,例如,一个纯素汉堡每克蛋白质的排放仅为香蕉的五分之一。
精听党每日单词
index
/ˈɪndeks/ n. 指数;指标;
climate impact
气候影响;
juicy
/ˈdʒuːsi/ adj. 多汁的,汁液丰富的;
steak
/steɪk/ n. 肉排,(尤指)牛排;
fry
/fraɪ/ vi. 油炸;油煎;油炒;
tofu
/ˈtoʊfuː/ n. 豆腐;
come as no surprise
不足为奇,意料之中;
vegan
/ˈviːɡən/ adj. 严格素食的,不吃肉的;
dramatically
/drəˈmætɪkli/ adv. 明显地;
carbon footprint
碳足迹;碳排放量;
plant-based
/plænt beɪst/ adj. 植物性的;
emission
/ɪˈmɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 射出,排放;
nutritious
/nuˈtrɪʃəs/ adj. 有营养的,营养丰富的;
digest
/digest/ vi. 理解,领悟;消化;
propose
/prəˈpoʊz/ vt. 提出(理论或解释);求婚;
foodstuff
/ˈfuːdstʌf/ n. 食品,食物;
metric
/ˈmetrɪk/ n. 度量;
index
/ˈɪndeks/ vt. 将(工资等)与(物价水平等)挂钩;
humble
/ˈhʌmb(ə)l/ adj. 不大的;没有特别之处的;
middling
/ˈmɪdlɪŋ/ adj. 中等的,一般的;
greenhouse-gas
/ˈɡriːnhaʊs ɡæs/ n. 二氧化碳、甲烷等导致温室效应的气体;
a sense of
一种…感觉;
rank
/ræŋk/ vi. 把…分等级;属于某等级;
carnivore
/ˈkɑːrnɪvɔːr/ n. 食肉动物;
slice
/slaɪs/ vt. 把…切成薄片;切;
mince
/mɪns/ n. 绞碎的肉,肉末(尤指牛肉);
as much carbon emissions as
同样多的碳排放;
poultry
/ˈpoʊltri/ n. 家禽;家禽肉;
carbon-friendly
/ˈkɑːrbən ˈfrendli/ adj. 低碳环保的;
emit
/iˈmɪt/ vt. 排放,散发;
apply to
适用于;可应用于;
salmon
/ˈsæmən/ n. 鲑鱼,三文鱼;
alternative
/ɔːlˈtɜːrnətɪv/ n. 可供选择的事物,替代物;
per gram
每克;
精听党文化拓展
研究发现,自1961年以来,气候变化使得自然生境更有利于香蕉的生长,占全球香蕉生产86%的27个国家的香蕉产量均有所增加。但是,如果气候变化以目前预期的速度发展下去,到2050年,香蕉的产量增长反而可能显著减少,甚至不再增长。
香蕉原产于东南亚,中国在海南、广东、广西和台湾等地均有栽培香蕉的历史。香蕉也是大部分热带国家和地区的主要作物和主要出口商品。
在这项研究中,研究人员收集了这27个国家香蕉产量的数据,通过一系列建模计算出了生产香蕉的最优气温和降雨量条件,并评估出全球香蕉的产量气候敏感性。结果显示,20世纪60年代以来的气候变化改善了其中21个国家的生长条件,平均每公顷产量增加了1.37吨。
细化到各国来看,研究人员发现过去60年中,非洲、中国、印度以及拉丁美洲和加勒比海地区的香蕉产量受到气候变化的积极影响,而巴西、东南亚和澳大利亚这些地区的香蕉产量则已经受到了气候变化的负面影响。
研究人员同时表示,到2050年,气候变化对香蕉增产的积极作用可能不复存在,甚至产生反作用。预计到那时候,香蕉的产量增长将降至0.19-0.59吨/公顷。10个主要国家的香蕉产量将大幅下降,其中包括世界上最大的香蕉生产国印度和全球第四大香蕉生产国巴西。非洲、厄瓜多尔和洪都拉斯的香蕉则很可能受气候变化的影响有所增产。
另一方面,研究人员提到,如果非洲国家的香蕉种植效率能得到提高,将会改变目前全球香蕉市场的进出口状况,甚至可能取代即将遭受气候变化“重创”的主要出口国。
根据研究人员对不同地区香蕉产量气候敏感性的评估结果,在全球范围内,适宜香蕉生长的理想平均温度大约在26.7℃,但最佳水平因国家而异。有趣的是,香蕉在印度生长的最佳雨水量约为327毫米/年,是27个国家中所需雨水量最低的;而香蕉在中国生长的最佳降雨量则需要在2924毫米/年左右,为27个国家中最高的。
精听党每日美句
A man can succeed at almost anything for which he has unlimited enthusiasm.
无论何事,只要对它有无限的热情你就能取得成功。