文本选自：The Economist（经济学人）
作者：Unknown
原文标题：More evidence that animals reduce childhood allergies
原文发布时间：4 Apr. 2023
More evidence that animals reduce childhood allergies
The problem with a catchy name is that sometimes it catches on too well. Take the hygiene hypothesis, outlined in 1989 by David Strachan of St George's, a hospital and medical school in London. It suggests that the rise of allergenic sensitivity observed in rich countries over the course of the 20th century may have been caused by a corresponding decline in childhood infections, and also by a shift from rural to urban living, so that children are no longer routinely exposed to farm animals.
Dr Strachan's work still has much to recommend it. What the catchy label has fostered, however, is an erroneous belief that cleanliness is not necessarily a health benefit. In reality, says Thomas Marrs, a paediatric allergist at Kings College, London, hygiene is usually about bugs causing infection—and the bugs that may be beneficial are different from those which do that. But it is plain to see why alternative descriptions, such as "the high turnover and diversity hypothesis" or "the microbial deprivation hypothesis", have not caught on, more accurate though they may be.
In an attempt to collect further data on the matter, Okabe Hisao of Fukushima Medical University and his colleagues have trawled through the Japan Environment and Children's Study, which tracked over 100,000 pregnancies between 2011 and 2014. Pursuing the animal connection, they looked for correlations between household pet ownership before and immediately after a child's birth, and any food allergies diagnosed in that child's first three years. They have just published their results in Plos One.
**************************下面是讲义****************************
更多证据显示：动物减少儿童过敏
精听党背景导读
科学家研究发现，与独生子女相比，那些家中有兄弟姐妹、接触小动物、在农村生活的孩子，患皮肤过敏或哮喘的几率要少，适当地接触一些如灰尘、泥巴等，有助于增强孩子的免疫力。
文本选自：The Economist（经济学人）作者：Unknown原文标题：More evidence that animals reduce childhood allergies原文发布时间：4 Apr. 2023关键词：过敏 儿童 动物
精听党带着问题听
1. 如何理解第一段的“catch on”？2.“卫生假说”主要指哪些内容？3.“睡眠不足”用英语可以如何表达？
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
More evidence that animals reduce childhood allergies
更多证据显示：动物减少儿童过敏
allergy
n. 过敏反应，过敏症；1. The children's parents completed questionnaires on allergies, lifestyle, and their children's feeding patterns. 这些儿童的父母完成关于过敏症、生活方式和喂养习惯的问卷调查。
段一
The problem with a catchy name is that sometimes it catches on too well. Take the hygiene hypothesis, outlined in 1989 by David Strachan of St George’s, a hospital and medical school in London. It suggests that the rise of allergenic sensitivity observed in rich countries over the course of the 20th century may have been caused by a corresponding decline in childhood infections, and also by a shift from rural to urban living, so that children are no longer routinely exposed to farm animals.
catchy adj.（曲调或口号）悦耳易记的；易使人上当的；1. a catchy tune 好记的曲子；
catch on 理解，明白；变得流行，流行起来；1. The idea still catches on. 这种想法还很流行。2. That film catches on well. 那部电影很受欢迎。
hygiene n. 卫生；卫生学，保健学；1. food hygiene 食品卫生学；2. She wasn't very fastidious about personal hygiene. 她不过分讲究个人卫生。
outline vt. 概述，略述；勾勒，描画…的轮廓；
allergenic sensitivity 过敏敏感性；1. allergenic adj. 引起过敏症的；
corresponding adj. 相应的，相关的；1. A change in the money supply brings a corresponding change in expenditure. 货币供应量的改变随即引起支出的相应改变。
infection n. 传染病；口腔病害；1. Ear infections are common in preschool children. 耳朵感染在学前儿童中很常见。
rural to urban 从农村到城市；1. rural to urban migration 城乡人口迁移；2. Thousands were forced to migrate from rural to urban areas in search of work. 成千上万的人为了寻找工作被迫从农村涌进城市。
routinely adv. 例行公事地，常规地；惯常地，毫不意外地；1. Visitors are routinely checked as they enter the building. 来访者在进入大楼时都要接受例行检查。
be exposed to 暴露；接触；面对；1. Via the Internet, we are exposed to infinite information. 通过互联网，我们接触到无限的信息。
参考译文
一个朗朗上口的名字的问题在于，有时它太火（流行）了。以1989年由伦敦圣乔治医院和医学院的大卫·斯特拉坎提出的卫生假说为例。这表明，20世纪在富裕国家观察到的过敏敏感性的上升可能和儿童感染率的相应下降有关系，以及从农村生活向城市生活的转变，从而使儿童不再经常接触农场动物。
段二
Dr Strachan’s work still has much to recommend it. What the catchy label has fostered, however, is an erroneous belief that cleanliness is not necessarily a health benefit. In reality, says Thomas Marrs, a paediatric allergist at Kings College, London, hygiene is usually about bugs causing infection—and the bugs that may be beneficial are different from those which do that. But it is plain to see why alternative descriptions, such as “the high turnover and diversity hypothesis” or “the microbial deprivation hypothesis”, have not caught on, more accurate though they may be.
foster vt. 促进，培养；领养，收养；
erroneous adj. 错误的，不正确的；1. Some people have the erroneous notion. 有些人有错误的观念。
paediatric adj. [儿科] 儿科的；儿科学的；1. paediatric surgeon 儿科医生；儿科外科医生；
allergist n. 过敏症专科医师；
bug n. 昆虫，虫子；小病，轻微的传染病；（计算机程序中的）漏洞；
plain adj. 显而易见的；（书面或口头用法）表达清楚的；直截了当的，坦率的；
microbial adj. 微生物的；由细菌引起的；1. microbial activity 微生物活动；
deprivation n. 贫困，匮乏，剥夺；免职（尤指圣职）；1. sleep deprivation 睡眠剥夺；缺觉；睡眠不足；
I am suffering from sleep deprivation. 我最近睡眠不足。
参考译文
斯特拉坎（Strachan）博士的工作仍有很多值得推荐的地方。然而，这个朗朗上口的标签助长了一种错误的信念，即清洁不一定对健康有益。伦敦国王学院的儿科过敏专科医生托马斯·马尔斯说，事实上，卫生通常是关于引起感染的细菌，而有益的细菌与造成感染的细菌是不同的。但显而易见的是，为什么“高流动性和多样性假说”或“微生物剥夺假说”等替代描述没有流行起来，尽管它们可能更准确。
段三
In an attempt to collect further data on the matter, Okabe Hisao of Fukushima Medical University and his colleagues have trawled through the Japan Environment and Children’s Study, which tracked over 100,000 pregnancies between 2011 and 2014. Pursuing the animal connection, they looked for correlations between household pet ownership before and immediately after a child’s birth, and any food allergies diagnosed in that child’s first three years. They have just published their results in Plos One.
trawl vi. 用拖网捕鱼；查阅（资料），网罗（人或物）；彻底搜查；
correlation n. 相互关系，关联；1. However, those correlations don't prove cause and effect. 然而，这些相关性并不能证明因果关系。
diagnose vt. 诊断；判断；1. He was eventually diagnosed as suffering from terminal illness. 他最终被诊断为患有绝症。
参考译文
为了收集有关此事的进一步数据，福岛医科大学的冈部久雄（Okabe Hisao）和他的同事们查阅了日本环境与儿童研究，该研究追踪了2011年至2014年间超过10万名孕妇的情况。为了研究动物之间的联系，他们研究了孩子出生前和出生后立即拥有家庭宠物与孩子头三年诊断出的任何食物过敏之间的相关性。他们刚刚在《公共科学图书馆·综合》（Plos One）上发表了他们的研究结果。
精听党每日单词
allergy
/ˈælərdʒi/ n. 过敏反应，过敏症；
catchy
/ˈkætʃi/ adj.（曲调或口号）悦耳易记的；易使人上当的；
catch on
理解，明白；变得流行，流行起来；
hygiene
/ˈhaɪdʒiːn/ n. 卫生；卫生学，保健学；
outline
/ˈaʊtlaɪn/ vt. 概述，略述；勾勒，描画…的轮廓；
allergenic sensitivity
过敏敏感性；
corresponding
/ˌkɔːrəˈspɑːndɪŋ/ adj. 相应的，相关的；
infection
/ɪnˈfekʃ(ə)n/ n. 传染病；口腔病害；
rural to urban
从农村到城市；
routinely
/ruːˈtiːnli/ adv. 例行公事地，常规地；惯常地，毫不意外地；
be exposed to
暴露；接触；面对；
foster
/ˈfɑːstər/ vt. 促进，培养；领养，收养；
erroneous
/ɪˈroʊniəs/ adj. 错误的，不正确的；
paediatric
/ˌpiːdiˈætrɪk/ adj. [儿科] 儿科的；儿科学的；
allergist
/ˈælərdʒɪst/ n. 过敏症专科医师；
bug
/bʌɡ/ n. 昆虫，虫子；小病，轻微的传染病；（计算机程序中的）漏洞；
plain
/pleɪn/ adj. 显而易见的；（书面或口头用法）表达清楚的；直截了当的，坦率的；
microbial
/maɪˈkrobɪəl/ adj. 微生物的；由细菌引起的；
deprivation
/ˌdeprɪˈveɪʃn/ n. 贫困，匮乏，剥夺；免职（尤指圣职）；
trawl
/trɔːl/ vi. 用拖网捕鱼；查阅（资料），网罗（人或物）；彻底搜查；
correlation
/ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 相互关系，关联；
diagnose
/ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊs/ vt. 诊断；判断；
精听党文化拓展
食物过敏已成为许多国家儿童最常见的慢性非传染性疾病之一。虽然不同种族、地域和不同年龄儿童食物过敏患病率不同，但估计食物过敏患病率可达总人口的1%~10%。我国局部地区儿童食物过敏患病率为3.8%~7.7%，并且呈现上升趋势。一项横断面研究显示，北京某城区14岁以下儿童食物过敏患病率为3.2%。一项多中心大样本研究显示，重庆、珠海、杭州3个城市2岁以下儿童食物过敏检出率为5.8%~7.3%。统计的确诊儿童食物过敏患病率方法中，仅有约10%的国家进行了口服食物激发试验（oral food challenge，OFC)，其中澳大利亚食物过敏的患病率最高，有研究显示9%和3%的婴儿分别对鸡蛋和花生过敏。我国目前尚无统一的基于OFC确认的儿童食物过敏患病率统计数据。食物过敏患病率具有年龄特异性，婴幼儿患病率更高。很多儿童随着年龄增长出现食物耐受，但仍有一部分儿童处于持续过敏状态，持续过敏更易发生在那些对花生、坚果、鱼和贝类过敏的患儿。
正确诊断食物过敏是十分重要的，可以指导合理避食，确保饮食安全。因此清晰的诊断流程必不可少，能够指导不同级别医师做出食物过敏的正确诊断，同时也避免患儿因盲目避食造成营养障碍的风险。除此之外，对食物过敏高危婴儿，正确指导添加某些固体食物，对食物过敏的发生可能有预防作用。食物过敏由于临床表现多样、发病机制不一，造成患病儿童可能就诊于不同科室。各专业医师对食物过敏认识水平不同，造成食物过敏诊断不足和过度诊断后盲目扩大避食范围，是目前普遍存在的现象。
精听党每日美句
I'm walking very slowly! But I never go back！
我走得很慢！但我从不后退！