文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)
作者:Unknown
原文标题:Talking about AI in human terms is natural—but wrong
原文发布时间:28 Jun. 2023
Talking about AI in human terms is natural—but wrong
My love's like a red, red rose. It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Life is a highway, I wanna ride it all night long. Metaphor is a powerful and wonderful tool. Explaining one thing in terms of another can be both illuminating and pleasurable, if the metaphor is apt. But that "if" is important. Metaphors can be particularly helpful in explaining unfamiliar concepts: imagining the Einsteinian model of gravity (heavy objects distort space-time) as something like a bowling ball on a trampoline, for example. But metaphors can also be misleading: picturing the atom as a solar system helps young students of chemistry, but the more advanced learn that electrons move in clouds of probability, not in neat orbits as planets do.
What may be an even more misleading metaphor—for artificial intelligence (AI)—seems to be taking hold. AI systems can now perform staggeringly impressive tasks, and their ability to reproduce what seems like the most human function of all, namely language, has ever more observers writing about them. When they do, they are tempted by an obvious (but obviously wrong) metaphor, which portrays AI programmes as conscious and even intentional agents. After all, the only other creatures which can use language are other conscious agents—that is, humans.
Take the well-known problem of factual mistakes in potted biographies, the likes of which ChatGPT and other large language models (LLMs) churn out in seconds. Incorrect birthplaces, non-existent career moves, books never written: one journalist at The Economist was alarmed to learn that he had recently died. In the jargon of AI engineers, these are "hallucinations". In the parlance of critics, they are "lies".
用人类的角度谈论人工智能是自然的,但却是错误的
精听党背景导读
有消息称,阿里巴巴的金融子公司蚂蚁集团正在开发自己的大语言模型,称为贞仪。然而,该公司没有提供更多信息。
在微软(Microsoft)支持的OpenAI ChatGPT发布之后,包括阿里巴巴、商汤科技和百度在内的中国公司都推出了自己的生成式人工智能服务。根据最近的一项研究,在过去的三年里,中国企业已经推出了79个大语言模型,以提高他们的人工智能技术能力。
6月初,有报道称,阿里巴巴正在将其最新的人工智能(AI)系统构建到其即时通讯应用钉钉和一个名为听悟的会议助手中。阿里云的大语言模型“通义千问”现在与新版本的“通义听悟”助手进行互动。
文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)作者:Unknown原文标题:Talking about AI in human terms is natural—but wrong原文发布时间:28 Jun. 2023关键词:人工智能 模型 语言
精听党带着问题听
1.“照明灯”用英语可以怎么表达?2. 如何理解段一中的“probability”?3. 在AI的术语中,事实错误称之为什么?
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
Talking about AI in human terms is natural—but wrong
用人类的角度谈论人工智能是自然的,但却是错误的
段一
My love’s like a red, red rose. It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Life is a highway, I wanna ride it all night long. Metaphor is a powerful and wonderful tool. Explaining one thing in terms of another can be both illuminating and pleasurable, if the metaphor is apt. But that “if” is important. Metaphors can be particularly helpful in explaining unfamiliar concepts: imagining the Einsteinian model of gravity (heavy objects distort space-time) as something like a bowling ball on a trampoline, for example. But metaphors can also be misleading: picturing the atom as a solar system helps young students of chemistry, but the more advanced learn that electrons move in clouds of probability, not in neat orbits as planets do.
metaphor n. 隐喻,暗喻;象征,标志;1. The divided family remains a powerful metaphor for a society that continued to tear itself apart. 破裂的家庭仍然是一个持续分裂的社会的有力象征。
wonderful adj. 绝妙的,令人惊叹的,极好的;1. The cold, misty air felt wonderful on his face. 那凉凉的雾气使他脸上感觉好极了。
illuminating adj. 照亮的,照明的;启蒙的,有启发性的;1. illuminating lamp 照明灯;2. illuminating system 照明系统;
pleasurable adj. 快乐的;心情舒畅的;令人愉快的;1. pleasurable experience 愉快经验;
apt adj. 易于…的,有…倾向的;恰当的,适宜的;善学的,聪明的;1. apt to 易于;便于;2. The words of this report are as apt today as in 1929. 这份报告的措词在当今如在1929年一样恰当。
concept n. 概念,观念;1. concept car 概念汽车;2. new concept 新概念;3. basic concept 基本概念;本义;
Einsteinian adj. 爱因斯坦的;爱因斯坦理论的;
gravity n. 重力,地心引力;严重性;严肃,庄严;1. standard gravity 标准重力;
distort vt. 扭曲,使失真;歪曲,曲解;1. The media distorts reality. 媒体歪曲事实。
bowling ball 保龄球;
trampoline n. 蹦床(一种体育器械),弹簧垫;
misleading adj. 误导的,引入歧途的;1. misleading links 误导链接;
atom n. 原子;
electron n. 电子;
probability n. 可能性,或然性;可能发生的事,可能真实的事;(数)概率,几率;
neat adj. 整齐的;爱整洁的;巧妙的,简洁的;灵巧的,利落的;
参考译文
我的爱就像一朵红玫瑰。它是东方之光,朱丽叶就是太阳。生活就像一条高速公路,我想整夜行驶。比喻是一种强大而美妙的工具。如果比喻恰当,用一种事物来解释另一种事物既能启发人,也能带来愉悦。但是这个“如果”很重要。比喻在解释陌生概念方面特别有帮助:例如,将爱因斯坦引力模型(重物扭曲时空)想象成蹦床上的一个保龄球。但比喻也可能误导:将原子想象成一个太阳系可以帮助化学初学者,但更高级的学习者了解到电子是在概率云中移动,而不是像行星一样在整齐的轨道上运动。
段二
What may be an even more misleading metaphor—for artificial intelligence (AI)—seems to be taking hold. AI systems can now perform staggeringly impressive tasks, and their ability to reproduce what seems like the most human function of all, namely language, has ever more observers writing about them. When they do, they are tempted by an obvious (but obviously wrong) metaphor, which portrays AI programmes as conscious and even intentional agents. After all, the only other creatures which can use language are other conscious agents—that is, humans.
take hold 变得普遍;开始生效;
staggeringly adv. 大得惊人地;令人吃惊地;1. a staggeringly beautiful landscape 美不胜收的景色;
impressive adj. 给人印象深刻的,令人钦佩的;
reproduce vt. 复制,翻印;模拟;再制造,再现;繁殖,生殖;
tempt vt. 引诱,诱惑;怂恿,利诱;1. Cars like that may tempt drivers to speed. 那样的汽车可能会引诱司机超速行驶。
portray vt. 描绘,描写;(在艺术或文学作品中)描述,刻画;1. The film portrays a culture of young people who live in lower Manhattan. 这部电影描绘了在下曼哈顿地区生活的青年人文化。
conscious adj. 意识到的;神志清醒的,有知觉的;关注的;1. self-conscious adj. 不自在的,难为情的;自觉的,刻意的;
intentional adj. 故意的,蓄意的;1. intentional crime 故意犯罪;
creature n. 动物,生物;
参考译文
对于人工智能(AI),可能更具误导性的隐喻似乎正在流行起来。如今,AI系统可以执行令人惊叹的任务,它们复制最像人类功能的能力,即语言能力,吸引了越来越多的观察者关注它们。当他们这样做时,这些观察者们被一个显而易见(但显然错误)的隐喻所诱惑,该隐喻将AI程序描绘为有意识甚至有意图的代理。毕竟,唯一能使用语言的其他生物就是其他有意识的代理——也就是人类。
段三
Take the well-known problem of factual mistakes in potted biographies, the likes of which ChatGPT and other large language models (LLMs) churn out in seconds. Incorrect birthplaces, non-existent career moves, books never written: one journalist at The Economist was alarmed to learn that he had recently died. In the jargon of AI engineers, these are “hallucinations”. In the parlance of critics, they are “lies”.
well-known adj. 众所周知的;
potted adj. 盆栽的;罐装的;密封的;喝醉的;(英)扼要的,简写的;
biography n. 传记,传记文学;生平;1. recent biographies of Stalin 近年的斯大林传记;
churn out 艰苦地做出;大量炮制;
jargon n. 行话,黑话;
hallucination n. 幻觉,幻想;错觉;
parlance n. 说法;用语;语调;发言;
critic n. 批评家,评论员;
参考译文
以众所周知的事实错误问题为例,ChatGPT和其他大型语言模型(LLMs)可以在几秒钟内生成类似的传记简介。出生地错误、不存在的职业变动、从未写过的书籍:一位《经济学人》的记者惊讶地发现他最近去世了。在AI工程师的术语中,这些被称为“幻觉”。在批评家的话语中,它们被称为“谎言”。
精听党每日单词
metaphor
/ˈmetəfər/ n. 隐喻,暗喻;象征,标志;
wonderful
/ˈwʌndərf(ə)l/ adj. 绝妙的,令人惊叹的,极好的;
illuminating
/ɪˈluːmɪneɪtɪŋ/ adj. 照亮的,照明的;启蒙的,有启发性的;
pleasurable
/ˈpleʒərəbl/ adj. 快乐的;心情舒畅的;令人愉快的;
apt
/æpt/ adj. 易于…的,有…倾向的;恰当的,适宜的;善学的,聪明的;
concept
/ˈkɑːnsept/ n. 概念,观念;
Einsteinian
/ain'stainiən/ adj. 爱因斯坦的;爱因斯坦理论的;
gravity
/ˈɡrævəti/ n. 重力,地心引力;严重性;严肃,庄严;
distort
/dɪˈstɔːrt/ vt. 扭曲,使失真;歪曲,曲解;
bowling ball
保龄球;
trampoline
/ˌtræmpəˈliːn/ n. 蹦床(一种体育器械),弹簧垫;
misleading
/ˌmɪsˈliːdɪŋ/ adj. 误导的,引入歧途的;
atom
/ˈætəm/ n. 原子;
electron
/ɪˈlektrɑːn/ n. 电子;
probability
/ˌprɑːbəˈbɪləti/ n. 可能性,或然性;可能发生的事,可能真实的事;(数)概率,几率;
neat
/niːt/ adj. 整齐的;爱整洁的;巧妙的,简洁的;灵巧的,利落的;
take hold
变得普遍;开始生效;
staggeringly
/ˈstæɡərɪŋli/ adv. 大得惊人地;令人吃惊地;
impressive
/ɪmˈpresɪv/ adj. 给人印象深刻的,令人钦佩的;
reproduce
/ˌriːprəˈduːs/ vt. 复制,翻印;模拟;再制造,再现;繁殖,生殖;
tempt
/tempt/ vt. 引诱,诱惑;怂恿,利诱;
portray
/pɔːrˈtreɪ/ vt. 描绘,描写;(在艺术或文学作品中)描述,刻画;
conscious
/ˈkɑːnʃəs/ adj. 意识到的;神志清醒的,有知觉的;关注的;
intentional
/ɪnˈtenʃən(ə)l/ adj. 故意的,蓄意的;
creature
/ˈkriːtʃər/ n. 动物,生物;
well-known
/ˌwel ˈnoʊn/ adj. 众所周知的;
potted
/ˈpɑːtɪd/ adj. 盆栽的;罐装的;密封的;喝醉的;(英)扼要的,简写的;
biography
/baɪˈɑːɡrəfi/ n. 传记,传记文学;生平;
churn out
艰苦地做出;大量炮制;
jargon
/ˈdʒɑːrɡən/ n. 行话,黑话;
hallucination
/həˌluːsɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 幻觉,幻想;错觉;
parlance
/ˈpɑːrləns/ n. 说法;用语;语调;发言;
critic
/ˈkrɪtɪk/ n. 批评家,评论员;
精听党文化拓展
人们可能会问,用人工智能语言解决问题与传统的方法有什么区别呢?
传统方法通常把问题的全部知识以各种的模型表达在固定程序中,问题的求解完全在程序制导下按着预先安排好的步骤一步一步(逐条)执行。解决问题的思路与冯·诺依曼式计算机结构相吻合。当前大型数据库法、数学模型法、统计方法等都是严格结构化的方法。
对于人工智能技术要解决的问题,往往无法把全部知识都体现在固定的程序中。通常需要建立一个知识库(包含事实和推理规则),程序根据环境和所给的输入信息以及所要解决的问题来决定自己的行动,所以它是在环境模式的制导下进行的推理过程。这种方法有极大的灵活性、对话能力、自我解释能力和学习能力。这种方法对解决一些条件和目标不大明确或不完备(即不能很好地形式化,不好描述)的非结构化问题比传统方法好,它通常采用启发式、试探法策略来解决问题。
在处理一些简单问题时,一般传统方法和人工智能用的方法没有什么区别。但在解决复杂问题时,人工智能方法与传统方法有差别。
精听党每日美句
A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
技术拙劣的工人抱怨自己的工具。