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Scrape，Grate，Grind，Scratch
摩擦。
🚩scrape是指“用锋利的物体刮落，削掉，擦掉”，柯林斯解释为If you scrape something from a surface, you remove it, especially by pulling a sharp object over the surface.。
如：
She went round the car scraping the frost off the windows.她把结霜的车窗挨个儿擦干净。
它还可以指“摩擦发出刺耳的声音，擦伤，蹭破”，柯林斯解释为If something scrapes against something else or if someone or something scrapes something else, it rubs against it, making a noise or causing slight damage。也指“刮破身体某一个部位”，柯林斯解释为If you scrape a part of your body, you accidentally rub it against something hard and rough, and damage it slightly.。
如：
The only sound is that of knives and forks scraping against china...只听见刀叉摩擦瓷器的刺耳声。
The car hurtled past us, scraping the wall and screeching to a halt...汽车从我们身边疾驰而过，蹭到墙壁上然后戛然刹住。
She stumbled and fell, scraping her palms and knees.她绊了一下摔倒了，手掌和膝盖都蹭破了。
🚩grate主要指“在磨碎器里吧事物磨碎”，柯林斯解释为If you grate food such as cheese or carrots, you rub it over a metal tool called a grater so that the food is cut into very small pieces.。它也可以指“发出吱吱嘎嘎的摩擦声，发出刺耳的摩擦声”，When something grates, it rubs against something else making a harsh, unpleasant sound.
如：
Grate the cheese into a mixing bowl.将干酪磨碎放进搅拌碗中。
His chair grated as he got to his feet.他起身时椅子发出吱吱嘎嘎的声音。
🚩grind是“磨碎，碾碎，磨成粉”，柯林斯解释为If you grind a substance such as corn, you crush it between two hard surfaces or with a machine until it becomes a fine powder.。它还可以指“磨刀”，柯林斯解释为If you grind something, you make it smooth or sharp by rubbing it against a hard surface.。
如：
the odor of fresh ground coffee现磨咖啡的香气
a shop where they grind knives磨刀铺
🚩scratch是“划伤，划出痕迹”，柯林斯解释为If a sharp object scratches someone or something, it makes small shallow cuts on their skin or surface.。
如：
The seven-year-old was found crying with scratches on his face and neck.那名 7 岁男孩被发现时正在哭泣，脸部和颈部都有划伤。
I pointed to a number of scratches in the tile floor.我指向地板砖上的一道道划痕。
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