Original Title 原标题 A Short History of U.S. Trade Wars
美国贸易战简史
History is full of trade wars.
历史充满各种贸易战。
In the majority of cases, the consequences are mostly economic – trade barriers are enacted, and then retaliatory measures are used to counter. Relations can continue to escalate until an understanding can be reached by both parties.
在大多数情况下，贸易战带来的后果大多数是在经济层面，一方实行贸易壁垒，然后另一方采取报复措施进行反制。双方关系持续升级直到双方达到谅解。
In the minority of cases, trade wars can lead to world-changing consequences.
很少情况下，贸易战会引发改变世界的后果。
You may remember that the Boston Tea Party of 1773 was a bold response to an unfair trade measure imposed by a ruling power, and it proved to be a key catalyst that led to the American Revolution.
你可能会记得1773年的波士顿茶党对殖民当局强加的不公平冒雨措施所作出的勇敢回应。他们的回应成了引发美国独立革命的关键催化剂。
Meanwhile, the Opium Wars occurred after the Qing Dynasty (China) tried to prevent British merchants from selling opium to the Chinese in the 1830s. These trade barriers led to armed conflicts, and effectively put the nail in the coffin of the Qing Dyasty – the start of China’s infamous “century of humiliation”.
同样地，1830年代的中国清王朝试图制止英国商人向中国贩卖鸦片后，中英鸦片战争爆发。这些贸易壁垒引发了武装冲突，导致了清王朝走向衰落，鸦片战争成了中国“百年耻辱”的开始。
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U.S. Trade Wars
美国的贸易战
Today’s chart pulls together details on some of the biggest trade conflicts in modern U.S. history.
今天，我们用图表把美国现代史上一些最大的贸易冲突的细节集合在一起。
Here are some of the more interesting U.S. trade wars, and how they compare to the current spat that is evolving with major trade partners:
以下是一些比较有意思的美国贸易战，以及它们与美国和主要贸易伙伴在当前发生的争执之间的比较。
1. Smoot-Hawley, 1930
1930年，《斯穆特-霍利法案》
Imposed during The Great Depression, the Smoot-Hawley Act is almost universally recognized by economists and economic historians as triggering a trade war that exacerbated the recovery.
经济学家和经济历史学家普遍认为大萧条时代施行的《斯穆特-霍利法案》引发了一场贸易战，阻碍了经济复苏。
2. Chicken Friction, 1963
1963年，鸡肉贸易摩擦
Factory farming of chicken in the U.S. ended up catching European farmers off guard. French and German authorities responded by imposing tariffs, and the U.S. then taxed imports such as trucks and brandy.
美国工厂化农场生产的鸡肉导致欧洲农民措手不及。法国和德国以增加关税作为回应，美国随后向法国和德国的卡车、白兰地等征收进口税。
3. Jabs at Japan, 1981
Japan’s mid-century rise led to the country becoming an export powerhouse. As Japanese cars flooded the U.S. market, intense pressure eventually led to the signing of a Voluntary Export Restraint (VER) agreement that limited sales in the United States. During this same timeframe, the two countries also squabbled about other goods like electronics, motorcycles, and semiconductors.
在20世纪中期，日本崛起，成为世界出口大国。随着日本车大量涌进美国市场，美国向日本施加巨大的压力，最终让日本签订《自愿出口限制VER》协议。在同一时间段，美国和日本还在诸如电子产品、摩托车和半导体之类的其它商品上发生争执。
4. War of the Woods, 1982
1982年，木材贸易战
The Canada-U.S. Softwood Lumber dispute kicked off in 1982, but it inevitably resurfaces in the news every few years.
虽然加拿大和美国的软木材争端开始于1982年，但不可避免地每个几年就有新闻再次出现在媒体上。
5. Pasta Spat, 1985
1985年，意大利面之争
The U.S. was displeased with the level of access for citrus products in Europe, and put a tariff on pasta products. Europe retaliated by taxing walnuts and lemons from the States.
美国对柑橘产品在欧洲的准入水平感到不快，向意大利面产品施加关税。作为报复，欧洲向来自美国的核桃和柠檬征税。
6. Battle of the Bananas, 1993
1993年，香蕉之争
Another agricultural trade war, the Battle of the Bananas occurred after Europe slapped tariffs on the import of Latin American bananas. Many of these companies, owned by Americans, were not impressed. In response, there were eight separate complaints filed to the World Trade Organization (WTO). They weren’t resolved until 2012.
这是另一场农业贸易战。欧洲对来自拉丁美洲的香蕉征收关税后，香蕉之争发生了。由于许多拉美的香蕉公司属于美国人的，所以美国对欧洲的征税举动非常不高兴。作为回应，美国向世界贸易组织（WTO）提交了8份单独的投诉。这次香蕉之争直到2012年才解决。
7. Steel Salvoes, 2002
2002年，钢铁贸易战
These were the last major U.S. steel tariffs introduced before the more recent ones. The goal was similar: to revive the steel industry in the country. However, after a period of brief stability, jobs continued to decline. The European Union responded by taxing oranges exported from Florida.
这是最新（2018年）的贸易战之前的最后一个主要的对钢铁实行的关税征收。（2002年对钢铁征税和2018年钢铁贸易战）目标相似：重振美国钢铁产业。然而，经过一段短暂的稳定后，工作需求仍然持续下降。欧盟作出的回应是向来自佛罗里达的橙子征税。
Note：This article was published in July，2018。
注：这篇文章发布于2018年7月。
美国贸易战简史
History is full of trade wars.
历史充满各种贸易战。
In the majority of cases, the consequences are mostly economic – trade barriers are enacted, and then retaliatory measures are used to counter. Relations can continue to escalate until an understanding can be reached by both parties.
在大多数情况下，贸易战带来的后果大多数是在经济层面，一方实行贸易壁垒，然后另一方采取报复措施进行反制。双方关系持续升级直到双方达到谅解。
In the minority of cases, trade wars can lead to world-changing consequences.
很少情况下，贸易战会引发改变世界的后果。
You may remember that the Boston Tea Party of 1773 was a bold response to an unfair trade measure imposed by a ruling power, and it proved to be a key catalyst that led to the American Revolution.
你可能会记得1773年的波士顿茶党对殖民当局强加的不公平冒雨措施所作出的勇敢回应。他们的回应成了引发美国独立革命的关键催化剂。
Meanwhile, the Opium Wars occurred after the Qing Dynasty (China) tried to prevent British merchants from selling opium to the Chinese in the 1830s. These trade barriers led to armed conflicts, and effectively put the nail in the coffin of the Qing Dyasty – the start of China’s infamous “century of humiliation”.
同样地，1830年代的中国清王朝试图制止英国商人向中国贩卖鸦片后，中英鸦片战争爆发。这些贸易壁垒引发了武装冲突，导致了清王朝走向衰落，鸦片战争成了中国“百年耻辱”的开始。
U.S. Trade Wars
美国的贸易战
Today’s chart pulls together details on some of the biggest trade conflicts in modern U.S. history.
今天，我们用图表把美国现代史上一些最大的贸易冲突的细节集合在一起。
Here are some of the more interesting U.S. trade wars, and how they compare to the current spat that is evolving with major trade partners:
以下是一些比较有意思的美国贸易战，以及它们与美国和主要贸易伙伴在当前发生的争执之间的比较。
1. Smoot-Hawley, 1930
1930年，《斯穆特-霍利法案》
Imposed during The Great Depression, the Smoot-Hawley Act is almost universally recognized by economists and economic historians as triggering a trade war that exacerbated the recovery.
经济学家和经济历史学家普遍认为大萧条时代施行的《斯穆特-霍利法案》引发了一场贸易战，阻碍了经济复苏。
2. Chicken Friction, 1963
1963年，鸡肉贸易摩擦
Factory farming of chicken in the U.S. ended up catching European farmers off guard. French and German authorities responded by imposing tariffs, and the U.S. then taxed imports such as trucks and brandy.
美国工厂化农场生产的鸡肉导致欧洲农民措手不及。法国和德国以增加关税作为回应，美国随后向法国和德国的卡车、白兰地等征收进口税。
3. Jabs at Japan, 1981
Japan’s mid-century rise led to the country becoming an export powerhouse. As Japanese cars flooded the U.S. market, intense pressure eventually led to the signing of a Voluntary Export Restraint (VER) agreement that limited sales in the United States. During this same timeframe, the two countries also squabbled about other goods like electronics, motorcycles, and semiconductors.
在20世纪中期，日本崛起，成为世界出口大国。随着日本车大量涌进美国市场，美国向日本施加巨大的压力，最终让日本签订《自愿出口限制VER》协议。在同一时间段，美国和日本还在诸如电子产品、摩托车和半导体之类的其它商品上发生争执。
4. War of the Woods, 1982
1982年，木材贸易战
The Canada-U.S. Softwood Lumber dispute kicked off in 1982, but it inevitably resurfaces in the news every few years.
虽然加拿大和美国的软木材争端开始于1982年，但不可避免地每个几年就有新闻再次出现在媒体上。
5. Pasta Spat, 1985
1985年，意大利面之争
The U.S. was displeased with the level of access for citrus products in Europe, and put a tariff on pasta products. Europe retaliated by taxing walnuts and lemons from the States.
美国对柑橘产品在欧洲的准入水平感到不快，向意大利面产品施加关税。作为报复，欧洲向来自美国的核桃和柠檬征税。
6. Battle of the Bananas, 1993
1993年，香蕉之争
Another agricultural trade war, the Battle of the Bananas occurred after Europe slapped tariffs on the import of Latin American bananas. Many of these companies, owned by Americans, were not impressed. In response, there were eight separate complaints filed to the World Trade Organization (WTO). They weren’t resolved until 2012.
这是另一场农业贸易战。欧洲对来自拉丁美洲的香蕉征收关税后，香蕉之争发生了。由于许多拉美的香蕉公司属于美国人的，所以美国对欧洲的征税举动非常不高兴。作为回应，美国向世界贸易组织（WTO）提交了8份单独的投诉。这次香蕉之争直到2012年才解决。
7. Steel Salvoes, 2002
2002年，钢铁贸易战
These were the last major U.S. steel tariffs introduced before the more recent ones. The goal was similar: to revive the steel industry in the country. However, after a period of brief stability, jobs continued to decline. The European Union responded by taxing oranges exported from Florida.
这是最新（2018年）的贸易战之前的最后一个主要的对钢铁实行的关税征收。（2002年对钢铁征税和2018年钢铁贸易战）目标相似：重振美国钢铁产业。然而，经过一段短暂的稳定后，工作需求仍然持续下降。欧盟作出的回应是向来自佛罗里达的橙子征税。
Note：This article was published in July，2018。
注：这篇文章发布于2018年7月。