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In traditional Chinese calligraphy and
painting, there are four essential tools known as the "Four Treasures of
the Study": brush, ink, paper, and inkstone. They were given this
prestigious title during the Southern Tang Dynasty, reflecting their elevated
status in the minds of literati and their pivotal role in the inheritance and
development of Chinese calligraphy and painting.
中国传统书画艺术中有四种必不可少的基本工具，分别是笔、墨、纸、砚。它们在南唐时期被赋予“文房四宝”的雅称，这一称谓既体现了这四种工具在文人心目中的崇高地位，也反映了它们对于中国书画艺术传承与发展的关键作用。
Brush:
The brush, known as the "maobi"
in Chinese, is a traditional tool for writing and painting. It has a tip made
of animal hair, such as rabbit, sheep, deer, or yellow weasel, and a handle made of
bamboo or bone. There are various types of brushes distinguished by their
materials, shapes, and purposes. Some well-known brushes include the Xuan brush
from Xuan City in Anhui Province and the Hu brush from Huzhou in Zhejiang
Province. The Xuan brush was one of the "Four Treasures of the Study"
during the Southern Tang Dynasty, while the Hu brush gradually gained
prominence after the Yuan Dynasty, becoming a recognized representative of
high-quality brushes.
笔
毛笔是中国传统的书写和绘画工具，以动物毛发（如兔毛、羊毛、鹿毛、黄鼠狼毛等）作为笔尖，以竹管或骨质管作为笔杆。毛笔有不同材质、形状和用途的细分种类。比较出名的笔有宣笔、湖笔。其中，宣笔（安徽宣城）在南唐时期被列为“文房四宝”之一，而湖笔（浙江湖州）则在元代之后逐渐崛起，取代宣笔成为后世公认的优质毛笔代表。
Ink:
Ink in China is a type of pigment used for
writing and painting. In ancient times, it was mainly made from pine soot and
formed into ink block. To use it, the ink block is
placed on an inkstone, and a suitable amount of water is added. It is then
slowly ground with an inkstone or other tools to create liquid ink. The
concentration of the ink can be adjusted by adding more or less water. The ink
is then applied to the brush for writing or painting. Hui ink, produced in the
Huizhou region of Anhui Province, is famous for its fine texture, deep black
color, rich fragrance, and long-lasting non-fading qualities.
墨
中国的墨是一种用于书写和绘画的颜料，在古代一般是以松烟为主要原料的墨块。使用时，将墨块放在砚台上，加入适量的水，用砚石或其他工具慢慢研磨，使墨块变成墨汁。加水多则墨色淡，加水少则墨色浓。然后用毛笔蘸取墨汁进行书写或绘画。徽墨（产于安徽徽州地区）因其质地细腻、色泽黑润、香味浓郁、历久不褪色而闻名。
Paper:
Paper is one of the Four Great Inventions
of ancient China. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the variety and quality
of paper significantly improved. Xuan paper, produced in Jing County, Xuan
City, Anhui Province, gained a reputation for its longevity, earning the title
of "paper with a thousand years of life." Xuan paper is known for its
even ink absorption, strong ink retention, resistance to aging, and resistance
to insect damage. It fully showcases the changes in ink color and the charm of
brushstrokes, making it highly esteemed by literati and artists.
纸
纸是中国古代四大发明之一。唐宋时期，纸的品种增多，质量显著提高，尤其是宣纸（产于安徽宣城泾县）以其“纸寿千年”的美誉，成为书画创作的首选。宣纸具有吸墨均匀、润墨性强、耐老化、不易虫蛀等特点，能够充分展现墨色变化和笔触韵味，因而备受文人墨客推崇。
Inkstone:
The inkstone is a tool used for grinding
ink block. It is typically made of stone and has a concave groove on its
surface for grinding the ink. The inkstone is known for its durability and
unique texture, making it revered as a cultural artifact. There are four famous
inkstones in China: Duan inkstone (Zhaoqing, Guangdong), She inkstone (Shexian,
Anhui), Tao inkstone (Zhuoni, Gansu), and Chengni inkstone (Shanxi, Henan, and
other regions). Among them, Duan and She inkstones, along with Hui ink, Xuan
paper, collectively form the classic combination of the Four Treasures of the
Study.
砚
砚台是研磨墨块的工具，通常由石头制成，砚台上有凹槽用于研磨墨块。砚台具有耐用性和独特的纹理，被视为文化艺术品。中国有四大名砚的说法：端砚（广东肇庆）、歙砚（安徽歙县）、洮砚（甘肃卓尼）、澄泥砚（山西、河南等地），其中端砚和歙砚更是与徽墨、宣纸、湖笔齐名，共同构建了文房四宝的经典组合。
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the
combination of Hu brushes, Hui ink, Xuan paper, and Duan/She inkstones became
indispensable top-grade stationery in the study rooms of literati.
明清两代，湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚/歙砚，构成了文人书房中不可或缺的顶级文房用品。
说明：文中部分图片来源于网络，如有侵权，请联系删除。
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