文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)
作者:Unknown
原文标题:Tiny hitchhikers on viruses could promote resistance to antibiotics
原文发布时间:11 Aug. 2023
Tiny hitchhikers on viruses could promote resistance to antibiotics
From caesarean sections to chemotherapy, antibiotics make much of modern medicine possible by keeping bacterial infections at bay. That is why the growing bacterial resistance to those drugs is so worrying. The United Nations estimates that by 2050 infections with drug-proof bacteria could claim up to 10m lives a year, more than double the current toll.
A problem with tackling such resistance is that scientists have an incomplete sense of how it arises. One way is essentially random: a chance mutation in a particular bacterium may make a certain drug less lethal. If that bacterium survives a dose of treatment, its descendants will inherit that same resistance. But the speed at which bacterial drug resistance spreads means that cannot be the whole story. "I always felt there were additional mechanisms of evolution. And probably more powerful ones," says John Chen at the National University of Singapore.
In a paper in Cell, Dr Chen and his colleagues identify one such mechanism. It centres not on the bacteria themselves, nor the viruses that are known to infect them, but on yet more rudimentary genetic parasites that exploit these viruses in turn. The fact that bacteria can transfer genes horizontally, to other unrelated bugs, as well as vertically to their offspring, is well known. Some are exchanged via small loops of DNA called plasmids. Others are transmitted by bacteriophages, specialised viruses that infect bacteria. When a phage latches on to a bacterium, its DNA forces the bacterium to make more copies of the virus until it bursts.
抗生素耐药新机制:病毒寄生虫使超级细菌更加致命
精听党背景导读
有一种说法是,仅亚历山大·弗莱明无意间发现的青霉素,就得以让整个人类的寿命从45岁提高到60岁。足以见青霉素在人类医学史上的重要地位。
也正是从青霉素被发现到大规模使用开始,细菌和人类之间就展开了一场你死我活的“军备竞赛”。抗生素的种类越来越多,而细菌耐药性也越来越强。如今,不断出现的超级细菌,已经使得人类目前拥有的史上最强抗生素“万古霉素”,都无可奈何。
如果抗生素都杀不死细菌了,那无异于将人类与细菌的斗争,拉回到青霉素诞生之前的“原始时代”。
文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)作者:Unknown原文标题:Tiny hitchhikers on viruses could promote resistance to antibiotics原文发布时间:11 Aug. 2023关键词:细菌 噬菌体 耐药性
精听党带着问题听
1.“耐药性”用英语可以怎么表达?2. 如何理解段一中的“claim”?3. 细菌通常是怎么传递它的遗传物质的?
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
Tiny hitchhikers on viruses could promote resistance to antibiotics
微小的病毒搭便车者可能会促进对抗生素的耐药性
hitchhiker n. 搭便车的旅行者;
promote vt. 促进;推动;
resistance to 对…抵抗;1. resistance to drugs 抗药性,抗药力;2. resistance to heat 耐热性;
antibiotic n. 抗生素;抗生学;
段一
From caesarean sections to chemotherapy, antibiotics make much of modern medicine possible by keeping bacterial infections at bay. That is why the growing bacterial resistance to those drugs is so worrying. The United Nations estimates that by 2050 infections with drug-proof bacteria could claim up to 10m lives a year, more than double the current toll.
caesarean sections 剖腹产手术;
chemotherapy n. [临床] 化学疗法;
make much of modern medicine possible 使许多现代医学成为可能;
bacterial infections 细菌感染;
at bay 陷入绝境,陷入困境;
growing adj. 增长的,增加的;
proof adj. 防…的,抗…的;1. water proof 防水的;不透水的;
claim vt. 夺走,夺去(生命);1. The car crash claimed three lives. 那次撞车事故导致三人死亡。
toll n. 伤亡人数;
参考译文
从剖腹产到化疗,抗生素通过控制细菌感染,使许多现代医学成为可能。这就是为什么细菌对这些药物日益增长的耐药性如此令人担忧。联合国估计,到2050年,感染耐药细菌每年可能夺走多达1000万人的生命,是目前死亡人数的两倍多。
段二
A problem with tackling such resistance is that scientists have an incomplete sense of how it arises. One way is essentially random: a chance mutation in a particular bacterium may make a certain drug less lethal. If that bacterium survives a dose of treatment, its descendants will inherit that same resistance. But the speed at which bacterial drug resistance spreads means that cannot be the whole story. “I always felt there were additional mechanisms of evolution. And probably more powerful ones,” says John Chen at the National University of Singapore.
tackle vt. 应付,解决(难题或局面);
sense n. 理解力;判断力;
arise vi. 产生,出现;
essentially adv. 基本上,本质上;
random adj. 任意的,随机的;1. random sampling 随机抽样;2. at random 胡乱地;随便地;
mutation n. 突变,变异;
lethal adj. 致命的,极有效的;
a dose of 一剂;
descendant n. 后代,晚辈;
inherit vt. 经遗传获得(品质、身体特征等);
additional adj. 附加的,额外的;
mechanisms of evolution 演化机制,演变机理;
参考译文
对付这种抗药性的一个问题是,科学家对它是如何产生的还没有完全了解。一种方法基本上是随机的:特定细菌中的一个偶然突变可能会降低某种药物的杀伤力。如果这种细菌在一定剂量的治疗中存活下来,它的后代将继承同样的耐药性。但是细菌耐药性传播的速度意味着这并不是故事的全部。新加坡国立大学的约翰·陈说:“我一直觉得还有其他的进化机制。而且可能更强大。”
段三
In a paper in Cell, Dr Chen and his colleagues identify one such mechanism. It centres not on the bacteria themselves, nor the viruses that are known to infect them, but on yet more rudimentary genetic parasites that exploit these viruses in turn. The fact that bacteria can transfer genes horizontally, to other unrelated bugs, as well as vertically to their offspring, is well known. Some are exchanged via small loops of DNA called plasmids. Others are transmitted by bacteriophages, specialised viruses that infect bacteria. When a phage latches on to a bacterium, its DNA forces the bacterium to make more copies of the virus until it bursts.
identify vt. 发现;证明;
centre vi. 以…为中心;
rudimentary adj. 基本的,初步的;不成熟的;
parasite n. 寄生虫,寄生生物;
exploit vt. 利用(……为自己谋利);运用;
in turn 依次,轮流;1. Please line up in turn. 请依次排队。
transfer vt.(使)转移;
horizontally adv. 水平地;
bug n. 虫子;
vertically adv. 垂直地;
offspring n. 后代;
via prep. 经由,经过(某一地方);通过;
loops of DNA DNA环;
plasmid n. 质粒;
bacteriophage n. [病毒] 噬菌体;1. phage n. [病毒] 噬菌体;
specialised adj. 专门的;特别的;
latch on to 依附于;
burst vi. 破裂;
参考译文
在《细胞》杂志上的一篇论文中,陈博士和他的同事们发现了一种这样的机制。它的重点不是细菌本身,也不是已知的感染细菌的病毒,而是更基本的遗传寄生虫,这些寄生虫反过来利用这些病毒。众所周知,细菌可以将基因水平地传递给其他不相关的细菌,也可以垂直地转移给它们的后代。有些是通过称为质粒的DNA小环进行交换的。另一些则通过噬菌体传播,这是一种感染细菌的特殊病毒。当噬菌体附着在细菌上时,它的DNA会迫使细菌复制更多的病毒,直到细菌体破裂。
精听党每日单词
hitchhiker
/ˈhɪtʃhaɪkər/ n. 搭便车的旅行者;
promote
/prəˈmoʊt/ vt. 促进;推动;
resistance to
对…抵抗;
antibiotic
/ˌæntibaɪˈɑːtɪk/ n. 抗生素;抗生学;
caesarean sections
剖腹产手术;
chemotherapy
/ˌkiːmoʊˈθerəpi/ n. [临床] 化学疗法;
make much of modern medicine possible
使许多现代医学成为可能;
bacterial infections
细菌感染;
at bay
陷入绝境,陷入困境;
growing
/ˈɡroʊɪŋ/ adj. 增长的,增加的;
proof
/pruːf/ adj. 防…的,抗…的;
claim
/kleɪm/ vt. 夺走,夺去(生命);
toll
/toʊl/ n. 伤亡人数;
tackle
/ˈtæk(ə)l/ vt. 应付,解决(难题或局面);
sense
/sens/ n. 理解力;判断力;
arise
/əˈraɪz/ vi. 产生,出现;
essentially
/ɪˈsenʃəli/ adv. 基本上,本质上;
random
/ˈrændəm/ adj. 任意的,随机的;
mutation
/mjuːˈteɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 突变,变异;
lethal
/ˈliːθ(ə)l/ adj. 致命的,极有效的;
a dose of
一剂;
descendant
/dɪˈsendənt/ n. 后代,晚辈;
inherit
/ɪnˈherɪt/ vt. 经遗传获得(品质、身体特征等);
additional
/əˈdɪʃən(ə)l/ adj. 附加的,额外的;
mechanisms of evolution
演化机制,演变机理;
identify
/aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/ vt. 发现;证明;
centre
/ˈsentər/ vi. 以…为中心;
rudimentary
/ˌruːdɪˈmentri/ adj. 基本的,初步的;不成熟的;
parasite
/ˈpærəsaɪt/ n. 寄生虫,寄生生物;
exploit
/ɪkˈsplɔɪt/ vt. 利用(……为自己谋利);运用;
in turn
依次,轮流;
transfer
/trænsˈfɜːr/ vt.(使)转移;
horizontally
/ˌhɔːrɪˈzɑːntəli/ adv. 水平地;
bug
/bʌɡ/ n. 虫子;
vertically
/ˈvɜːrtɪkli/ adv. 垂直地;
offspring
/ˈɔːfsprɪŋ/ n. 后代;
via
/ˈvaɪə/ prep. 经由,经过(某一地方);通过;
loops of DNA
DNA环;
plasmid
/ˈplæzmɪd/ n. 质粒;
bacteriophage
/bækˈtɪrɪəˌfedʒ/ n. [病毒] 噬菌体;
specialised
/ˈspɛʃəlaɪzd/ adj. 专门的;特别的;
latch on to
依附于;
burst
/bɜːrst/ vi. 破裂;
精听党文化拓展
在此之前,科学家们已知的两种遗传转导机制,是美国科学家Joshua Lederberg所发现的广义转导和特异性转导。60多年前,Lederberg发现细菌之间可以交换基因,并因此获得1958年的诺贝尔生理或医学奖(获诺奖的时候,Lederberg年仅33岁)。
所谓转导,就是通过病毒或病毒载体将外源DNA引入细胞的过程。其中最有代表性的例子是DNA从一种细菌到另一种细菌的转移。
当噬菌体(一种专门感染细菌的病毒)感染细菌细胞时,它通常以两种方式之一进行繁殖:一种是裂解循环,也就是噬菌体利用宿主细胞DNA的复制、转录和翻译的机会,也复制大量自己的DNA或RNA,以及蛋白质外壳,然后裂解宿主细胞,导致新噬菌体颗粒的释放;第二种方式是溶原性循环,也就是噬菌体DNA整合到宿主基因组中,并与宿主基因组一起复制。在溶原性循环中,某些刺激可以激发噬菌体DNA将其自身切割出宿主基因组,与蛋白质组装成新的噬菌体颗粒,成熟并裂解宿主细胞。
无论是裂解循环,还是溶原性循环,释放的噬菌体都可以继续感染其他细菌,当再次感染新的细菌时,就有可能携带包括来自上一个宿主细胞的部分DNA。如果这种转导过程,是噬菌体偶然错误发生的,称之为广义转导;如果是只转移特定基因,则称之为特异性转导。这两种机制一直以来都是细菌遗传转导的唯二机制。
精听党每日美句
Misfortunes tell us what fortune is.
不经灾难不知福。