每日英语听力外刊精读20230906:超级大陆分裂,"钻石喷泉"喷发


文本选自:Scientific American(科学美国人)
作者:Stephanie Pappas, LiveScience
原文标题:Fountains of Diamonds Erupt as Supercontinents Break Up
原文发布时间:29 Aug. 2023
Fountains of Diamonds Erupt as Supercontinents Break Up
Diamonds form deep in Earth's crust, approximately 93 miles (150 kilometers) down. They are brought up to the surface very quickly in eruptions called kimberlites. These kimberlites travel at between 11 and 83 mph (18 to 133 km/h), and some eruptions may have created Mount Vesuvius-like explosions of gases and dust, said Thomas Gernon, a professor of Earth and climate science at the University of Southampton in England.
Researchers noticed that kimberlites occur most often during times when the tectonic plates are rearranging themselves in big ways, Gernon said, such as during the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea. Oddly, though, kimberlites often erupt in the middle of continents, not at the edges of breakups — and this interior crust is thick, tough and hard to disrupt. "The diamonds have been sat at the base of the continents for hundreds of millions or even billions of years, " Gernon said. "There must be some stimulus that just drives them suddenly, because these eruptions themselves are really powerful, really explosive."
Gernon and his colleagues began by looking for correlations between the ages of kimberlites and the degree of plate fragmentation occurring at those times. They found that over the last 500 million years, there is a pattern where the plates start to pull apart, then 22 million to 30 million years later, kimberlite eruptions peak. (This pattern held over the last 1 billion years as well but with more uncertainty given the difficulties of tracing geologic cycles that far back. )
超级大陆分裂,“钻石喷泉”喷发

精听党背景导读
当你听到“钻石”这个词时,你可能首先想到的是光彩璀璨的珠宝,而不是地球深处涌动的火山活动或大陆板块的变迁。然而,科学家最近的研究表明,钻石的形成和地球板块运动有着密不可分的联系。这些发现不仅揭示了关于钻石生成的新信息,还为我们提供了更多关于地球内部活动如何影响地表现象的理解。
文本选自:Scientific American(科学美国人)作者:Stephanie Pappas, LiveScience原文标题:Fountains of Diamonds Erupt as Supercontinents Break Up原文发布时间:29 Aug. 2023关键词:金伯利岩 板块变动 钻石生成
精听党带着问题听
1.“构造板块”用英语可以怎么表达?2. 如何理解段三中的“hold”?3. 板块开始分离后多久,金伯利岩喷发会达到顶峰??
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
Fountains of Diamonds Erupt as Supercontinents Break Up
超级大陆分裂,“钻石喷泉”喷发
fountain n. 喷泉;户外喷泉;1. Fountains Hotel 喷泉酒店;
diamond n. 钻石;
erupt vi. 喷发;爆发,突然发生;
supercontinent n. 超级大陆;
break up 分解,分裂;
段一
Diamonds form deep in Earth's crust, approximately 93 miles (150 kilometers) down. They are brought up to the surface very quickly in eruptions called kimberlites. These kimberlites travel at between 11 and 83 mph (18 to 133 km/h), and some eruptions may have created Mount Vesuvius-like explosions of gases and dust, said Thomas Gernon, a professor of Earth and climate science at the University of Southampton in England.
deep in 深入,深处;1. deep in thought 沉思;2. deep in the blue sky 碧空深处;
crust n. (尤指软物或液体上面、周围的)硬层,硬表面;1. earth's crust 地壳;2. n. 面包皮,酥皮;
approximately adv. 大约,大概;
eruption n. 喷发;1. volcanic eruption 火山喷发;
kimberlite n. 金伯利岩;
travel vi.(以某速度、朝某方向或在某距离内)行进,转送,传播;
mph abbr. 每小时英里数(miles per hour);
explosion n. 爆炸;爆发;
gas n. 气体;
dust n. 灰尘,尘埃;粉尘;
the University of Southampton 英国南安普顿大学;
参考译文
钻石形成于地壳深处,大约93英里(150公里)以下。在一种被叫做金伯利岩的喷发中,它们很快就被带到了地表。英国南安普敦大学地球与气候科学教授托马斯·格农说,这些金伯利岩喷发的速度介于每小时11到83英里(18到133公里/小时)之间,一些喷发可能会产生类似维苏威火山的气体和尘埃爆炸。
段二
Researchers noticed that kimberlites occur most often during times when the tectonic plates are rearranging themselves in big ways, Gernon said, such as during the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea. Oddly, though, kimberlites often erupt in the middle of continents, not at the edges of breakups — and this interior crust is thick, tough and hard to disrupt. "The diamonds have been sat at the base of the continents for hundreds of millions or even billions of years," Gernon said. "There must be some stimulus that just drives them suddenly, because these eruptions themselves are really powerful, really explosive."
occur vi.(尤指意外地)发生;存在,出现;
tectonic plate 构造板块;1. tectonic adj. 地壳构造的;2. plate n. 板块;
rearrange vi. 重新整理,重新布置;改变(位置,时间,顺序);
in big ways 大规模地;
breakup n. 解体;分裂;崩溃;馏分组成;停止;
Pangaea n. 盘古大陆;泛大陆,泛古陆;
oddly adv. 古怪地;奇妙地;
continent n. 陆,大洲;
at the edges of 在…的边缘;接近…的边缘;
interior adj. 内部的,里面的;
tough adj.(物质,物体)坚韧的,坚固的;
disrupt vi. 彻底改变(某物)的结构,使(某物)的结构破裂;
at the base of 在…的底部;
stimulus n. 刺激(物), 促进因素;
explosive adj. 易爆发的;
参考译文
格农说,研究人员注意到,金伯利岩最常出现在构造板块大规模重组的时候,比如在泛大陆分裂的时候。然而,奇怪的是,金伯利岩经常在大陆的中间喷发,而不是在分裂的边缘——而且这种内部地壳厚、硬、难以破坏。格农说:“这些钻石在大陆底部已经存在了数亿年甚至数十亿年。一定有某种刺激突然驱使它们,因为这些喷发本身威力强大,非常易爆。”
段三
Gernon and his colleagues began by looking for correlations between the ages of kimberlites and the degree of plate fragmentation occurring at those times. They found that over the last 500 million years, there is a pattern where the plates start to pull apart, then 22 million to 30 million years later, kimberlite eruptions peak. (This pattern held over the last 1 billion years as well but with more uncertainty given the difficulties of tracing geologic cycles that far back.)
look for 寻找;
correlation n. 相互关系,关联;相关量;
fragmentation n. 破碎,分裂;
pull apart 分裂,拆散;撕开;
peak vi. 达到高峰,达到最大值;
as well 也;同样地;
uncertainty n. 犹豫,无把握;拿不定的事,令人无把握的局面;
given prep. 考虑到;1. Given her interest in children, teaching seems the right job for her. 考虑到她喜欢孩子,教书看来是很适合她的工作。
trace vt. 追溯;追踪;
geologic cycle 地质周期;1. geologic adj. 地质的;
far back 在遥远的过去;进入遥远的过去;
参考译文
格农和他的同事们开始寻找金伯利岩的年龄和当时发生的板块分裂程度之间的相关性。他们发现,在过去的5亿年里,板块开始分离,2200万到3000万年后,金伯利岩喷发达到顶峰。(这种模式在过去的10亿年里也一直存在,但考虑到追溯那么久以前的地质周期的困难,因此存在更多的不确定性。)
精听党每日单词
fountain
/ˈfaʊnt(ə)n/ n. 喷泉;户外喷泉;
diamond
/ˈdaɪəmənd/ n. 钻石;
erupt
/ɪˈrʌpt/ vi. 喷发;爆发,突然发生;
supercontinent
/ˈsuːpərkɑːntɪnənt/ n. 超级大陆;
break up
 分解,分裂;
deep in
 深入,深处;
crust
/krʌst/ n. (尤指软物或液体上面、周围的)硬层,硬表面;
approximately
/əˈprɑːksɪmətli/ adv. 大约,大概;
eruption
/ɪˈrʌpʃ(ə)n/ n. 喷发;
kimberlite
/ˈkɪmbərˌlaɪt/ n. 金伯利岩;
travel
/ˈtræv(ə)l/ vi.(以某速度、朝某方向或在某距离内)行进,转送,传播;
mph
/ˌem piː ˈeɪtʃ/ abbr. 每小时英里数(miles per hour);
explosion
/ɪkˈsploʊʒn/ n. 爆炸;爆发;
gas
/ɡæs/ n. 气体;
dust
/dʌst/ n. 灰尘,尘埃;粉尘;
the University of Southampton
 英国南安普顿大学;
occur
/əˈkɜːr/ vi. (尤指意外地)发生;存在,出现;
tectonic plate
 构造板块;
rearrange
/ˌriːəˈreɪndʒ/ vi. 重新整理,重新布置;改变(位置,时间,顺序);
in big ways
 大规模地;
breakup
/ˈbreɪkʌp/ n. 解体;分裂;崩溃;馏分组成;停止;
Pangaea
/pænˈdʒiːə/ n. 盘古大陆;泛大陆,泛古陆;
oddly
/ˈɑːdli/ adv. 古怪地;奇妙地;
continent
/ˈkɑːntɪnənt/ n. 陆,大洲;
at the edges of
 在…的边缘;接近…的边缘;
interior
/ɪnˈtɪriər/ adj. 内部的,里面的;
tough
/tʌf/ adj.(物质,物体)坚韧的,坚固的;
disrupt
/dɪsˈrʌpt/ vi. 彻底改变(某物)的结构,使(某物)的结构破裂;
at the base of
 在…的底部;
stimulus
/ˈstɪmjələs/ n. 刺激(物), 促进因素;
explosive
/ɪkˈsploʊsɪv/ adj. 易爆发的;
look for
 寻找;
correlation
/ˌkɔːrəˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ n.相互关系,关联;相关量;
fragmentation
/ˌfræɡmenˈteɪʃn/ n. 破碎,分裂;
pull apart
 分裂,拆散;撕开;
peak
/piːk/ vi. 达到高峰,达到最大值;
as well
 也;同样地;
uncertainty
/ʌnˈsɜːrt(ə)nti/ n. 犹豫,无把握;拿不定的事,令人无把握的局面;
given
/ˈɡɪv(ə)n/ prep. 考虑到;
trace
/treɪs/ vt. 追溯;追踪;
geologic cycle
 地质周期;
far back
 在遥远的过去;进入遥远的过去;
精听党文化拓展
钻石是指经过琢磨的金刚石,金刚石是一种天然矿物,是钻石的原石。简单地讲,钻石是在地球深部高压、高温条件下形成的一种由碳元素组成的单质晶体。钻石是目前世界上已知的最硬的一种自然物质。
钻石产量稀少,通常为无色晶体,具有高度的折光特性,能折射出多彩的光泽。钻石不仅可以用作首饰,工业上也用来作为高级的切削和研磨材料。
1870年人们在南非的一个农场的黄土中挖出了钻石,此后钻石的开掘由河床转移到黄土中,黄土下面就是坚硬的深蓝色岩石,它就是钻石原岩——金伯利岩(kimberlite)。金伯利岩是一种形成于地球深部、含有大量碳酸气等挥发性成份的偏碱性超基性火山岩,这种岩石中常常含有来自地球深部的橄榄岩、榴辉岩碎片,主要矿物成份包括橄榄石、金云母、碳酸盐、辉石、石榴石等。研究表明,金伯利岩浆形成于地球深部150公里以下。由于这种岩石首先在南非金伯利被发现,故以该地名来命名。
另一种含有钻石的原岩称钾镁煌斑岩(lamproite),它是一种过碱性镁质火山岩,主要由白榴石、火山玻璃形成,可含辉石、橄榄石等矿物,典型产地为澳大利亚西部阿盖尔(Argyle)。
精听党每日美句
"Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving." - Albert Einstein
"生活就像骑自行车。要保持平衡,就必须保持前进。" - 阿尔贝特·爱因斯坦
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