文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)
作者:Unknown
原文标题:America’s next government shutdown could be the strangest yet
原文发布时间:30 Sept. 2023
America's next government shutdown could be the strangest yet
With another government shutdown looming, it is easy to assume that this particular governance failure is happening more often. Yet far fewer shutdowns have taken place in the past two decades than in the 1980s and 1990s. While funding gaps remain relatively rare, they now tend to last longer and the politics behind them are increasingly bizarre. The next shutdown could be the strangest yet.
About two-thirds of federal spending is mandatory and dedicated to entitlement programmes, but discretionary spending requires annual authorisation. In theory, the process is simple. The president proposes a budget, Congress negotiates and legislation is signed into law ahead of the new fiscal year, which begins on October 1st. In practice, Congress has met this deadline only three times in the past half-century. Lawmakers often buy time with temporary resolutions to keep current funding levels. Since the 1980s, funding gaps have led to government shutdowns.
Ronald Reagan sparred with a Democrat-controlled House of Representatives and oversaw several shutdowns. Republicans led by House Speaker Newt Gingrich took on Bill Clinton twice. Today much of Washington expects a shutdown stemming not from partisan division but because of disagreements within the House Republican conference. With a Democrat in the White House, Republicans have regained interest in reducing federal spending, a consensus that disappeared during the Trump presidency.
美国政府为何频繁闹“关门危机”?下一次关门又会以何理由?
精听党背景导读
美国政府2023财年将于9月30日结束,而民主、共和两党围绕新财年联邦预算案仍在“互掐”,联邦政府很可能因资金耗尽而再闹“关门危机”,陷入历史上第22次“停摆”。
政府怎么个“关门”法?因为预算没批,联邦政府通常会暂时关闭非核心部门。那么全美可能有多达80万名公职人员被迫休假,没有收入。
政府关门,后果如何?白宫称,机场可能面临严重延误;环保局将停止大部门检查,可能导致饮用水安全风险;食品和药物管理局也不得不推迟安全检查。
文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)作者:Unknown原文标题:America’s next government shutdown could be the strangest yet原文发布时间:30 Sept. 2023关键词:美国政府 关门 财政预算
精听党带着问题听
1. 如何理解段一中的“loom”?2.“提出预算”用英语可以怎么表达?3. 联邦政府预算中多少用于福利计划?
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
America’s next government shutdown could be the strangest yet
美国下一次政府关闭可能是迄今为止最奇怪的一次
shutdown n. 关机;停工;关门;停播;
yet adv. 仍然,还;现在,此刻;迄今为止,到目前为止;然而,尽管;
段一
With another government shutdown looming, it is easy to assume that this particular governance failure is happening more often. Yet far fewer shutdowns have taken place in the past two decades than in the 1980s and 1990s. While funding gaps remain relatively rare, they now tend to last longer and the politics behind them are increasingly bizarre. The next shutdown could be the strangest yet.
loom vi.(尤指阴森森地)隐约出现,赫然耸现;逼近,临近;
assume vt. 假定,假设;
governance n. 统治方式,管理方法;
more often 更频繁地,更经常地;1. I need to exercise more often to stay healthy. 为了保持健康,我需要更经常地锻炼。
take place 发生、举行;
funding gap 资金缺口;
relatively adv. 相当地,相对地;
tend to 倾向于;
bizarre adj. 奇异的,古怪的;
参考译文
随着美国政府又一次濒临关门,人们很难不认为这种特殊的治理失误将会越来越频繁上演。然而,与上世纪八九十年代相比,过去20年发生的关门次数要少得多。虽然资金缺口仍然相对罕见,但现在政府停摆往往持续时间更长,背后的政治角力也越来越离谱。下一次停摆,可能是有史以来最奇怪的一次。
段二
About two-thirds of federal spending is mandatory and dedicated to entitlement programmes, but discretionary spending requires annual authorisation. In theory, the process is simple. The president proposes a budget, Congress negotiates and legislation is signed into law ahead of the new fiscal year, which begins on October 1st. In practice, Congress has met this deadline only three times in the past half-century. Lawmakers often buy time with temporary resolutions to keep current funding levels. Since the 1980s, funding gaps have led to government shutdowns.
federal spending 联邦支出;
mandatory adj. 强制性的,义务的;1. mandatory measures 指令性措施;
dedicate to 献身;把(时间、精力等)用于;
entitlement programmes 福利计划;津贴计划;
discretionary adj. 自由决定的,酌情决定的;
authorisation n. 授权;批准;
in theory 理论上;
propose vt. 提议,建议;提出;1. propose a price 开价;2. propose a budget 提出预算;
Congress n. 国会,议会;代表大会;美国国会(Congress);
ahead of 在…之前;
new fiscal year 新财政年度;
in practice 实际上,实际操作中;
meet this deadline 如期完成,按时完成;
resolution n. 决议;
参考译文
每个财年的联邦政府预算中,大约三分之二是强制性的,专门用于福利计划,剩下的可自由支配支出则需要(通过拨款法案)给予年度授权。理论上,这个过程很简单。美国总统提出预算,国会进行谈判,然后在10月1日开始的新财年之前将立法签署为法律。然而在过去半个世纪中,国会仅有三次在最后期限前顺利走完了流程。议员们经常用临时决议来争取时间,以维持目前的拨款水平。自上世纪80年代以来,政府面临资金缺口不得不关停。
段三
Ronald Reagan sparred with a Democrat-controlled House of Representatives and oversaw several shutdowns. Republicans led by House Speaker Newt Gingrich took on Bill Clinton twice. Today much of Washington expects a shutdown stemming not from partisan division but because of disagreements within the House Republican conference. With a Democrat in the White House, Republicans have regained interest in reducing federal spending, a consensus that disappeared during the Trump presidency.
spar with 与…较量;与…争执;
Democrat-controlled adj. 民主党控制的;
House of Representatives 众议院;
House Speaker 众议院议长;
take on 与 (尤指强于自己的人) 较量;
stem from 起源于;
partisan division 党派分裂;
disagreement n. 不一致;
regain vt. 重新获得,恢复;重回,回到(某处);
consensus n. 一致看法,共识;
presidency n. 总统(主席,校长)的职位(任期);
参考译文
罗纳德·里根总统在位时曾与民主党控制的众议院发生争执,并见证了几次政府停摆。由众议院议长纽特·金里奇领导的共和党人两次对抗比尔·克林顿总统。今天,华盛顿的许多人预计政府关门不是源于党派分歧,而是因为众议院共和党会议内部的分歧。随着民主党拜登入主白宫,共和党人开始重新关注削减联邦开支,这种共识在特朗普担任总统期间消失了。
精听党每日单词
shutdown
/ˈʃʌtdaʊn/ n. 关机;停工;关门;停播;
yet
/jet/ adv. 仍然,还;现在,此刻;迄今为止,到目前为止;然而,尽管;
loom
/luːm/ vi.(尤指阴森森地)隐约出现,赫然耸现;逼近,临近;
assume
/əˈsuːm/ vt. 假定,假设;
governance
/ˈɡʌvərnəns/ n. 统治方式,管理方法;
more often
更频繁地,更经常地;
take place
发生、举行;
funding gap
资金缺口;
relatively
/ˈrelətɪvli/ adv. 相当地,相对地;
tend to
倾向于;
bizarre
/bɪˈzɑːr/ adj. 奇异的,古怪的;
federal spending
联邦支出;
mandatory
/ˈmændətɔːri/ adj. 强制性的,义务的;
dedicate to
献身;把(时间、精力等)用于;
entitlement programmes
福利计划;津贴计划;
discretionary
/dɪˈskreʃəneri/ adj. 自由决定的,酌情决定的;
authorisation
/ˌɔːθərəˈzeɪʃn/ n. 授权;批准;
in theory
理论上;
propose
/prəˈpoʊz/ vt. 提议,建议;提出;
Congress
/ˈkɑːŋɡrəs/ n. 国会,议会;代表大会;美国国会(Congress);
ahead of
在…之前;
new fiscal year
新财政年度;
in practice
实际上,实际操作中;
meet this deadline
如期完成,按时完成;
resolution
/ˌrezəˈluːʃ(ə)n/ n. 决议;
spar with
与…较量;与…争执;
Democrat-controlled
/ˈdeməkræt kənˈtroʊld/ adj. 民主党控制的;
House of Representatives
众议院;
House Speaker
众议院议长;
take on
与 (尤指强于自己的人) 较量;
stem from
起源于;
partisan division
党派分裂;
disagreement
/ˌdɪsəˈɡriːmənt/ n. 不一致;
regain
/rɪˈɡeɪn/ vt. 重新获得,恢复;重回,回到(某处);
consensus
/kənˈsensəs/ n. 一致看法,共识;
presidency
/ˈprezɪdənsi/ n. 总统(主席,校长)的职位(任期);
精听党文化拓展
美国联邦政府因两党政治博弈而关门在历史上并不少见。最近一次、也是历时最长的一次发生在2018年底至2019年初,民主党反对为时任总统特朗普提出的美墨边境墙项目拨款,两党在移民问题上争斗不休,导致政府关门五周。2013年,奥巴马政府期间,一些保守派共和党议员阻挠奥巴马医改法案实施,导致政府关门16天。
近年来,随着美国政治极化加剧,国会反对党议员通常会使出浑身解数,与总统和执政党在重大议题上激烈斗争。
目前,美国总统拜登所在的民主党以微弱优势掌控参议院,共和党则在去年中期选举后赢得众议院的控制权,这让拜登的立法进程阻力重重,从今年上半年两党围绕债务上限的“极限博弈”可见一斑。
眼下,美国两党正围绕新财年拨款案进行新一轮争斗,双方仍存明显分歧。众议院共和党人日前推出了一项短期拨款议案,该方案将削减8%的联邦机构开支,还将加强移民限制措施。但该议案已遭到共和党内部反对,也不太可能赢得民主党人的支持。
参议院多数党领袖、民主党人舒默正在加大力度向众议院共和党人施压,要求众议院议长麦卡锡通过一项临时拨款法案,以避免政府关门。民主党参议员克里斯·墨菲表示,“麦卡锡已经决定让政府关门了”。而麦卡锡则对共和党内部保守派势力表示失望,称一些人“只是想把整个地方烧了”。
精听党每日美句
"Success usually comes to those who are too busy to be looking for it." - Henry David Thoreau
“成功通常会降临于那些忙到无暇寻找成功的人。”——亨利·戴维·梭罗