文本选自:The Guardian(卫报)
作者:Aliya Uteuova
原文标题:Starbucks develops coffee seeds that can withstand climate change effects
原文发布时间:4 Oct. 2023
Starbucks develops coffee seeds that can withstand climate change effects
Starbucks recently announced that it's developed six new varieties of coffee seeds that can withstand the effects of climate change, which some experts say is "critical" for the future of coffee. People in the US drink about 517m cups of coffee a day collectively, with the average American consuming three cups on a daily basis. But coffee, like many other crops, is under threat due to the climate crisis – subject to diseases, droughts, and extreme weather conditions.
Most of the coffee consumed worldwide comes from two species – arabica and robusta. Accounting for 70% of global coffee production, the arabica bean is more popular and for a good reason. Its smoother flavor, lower acidity, and fruity hints rank paramount to robusta's grainy, more bitter flavor. Native to Ethiopia and predominantly grown in Central and South America, arabica is the only bean that Starbucks uses in its nearly 36,000 locations worldwide. But its sensitivity to rising temperatures makes it especially vulnerable to premature ripening and crop loss.
"More researchers doing work that will provide climate resilient varieties is critical, " said Sarada Krishnan, a coffee scientist and grower. Robusta, a thicker bean, is generally more favorable to heat, and therefore easier to grow. Arabica on the other hand, with its low genetic diversity, is more susceptible to diseases like coffee leaf rust – a fungus that can overtake the plant when the conditions are warmer and wetter.
星巴克开发可抵御气候变化影响的咖啡种子
精听党背景导读
发表在学术期刊《PLOS One》上的一项研究称,到2050年,气候变化将使地球的咖啡种植适宜性“急剧下降”。
在这项研究中,瑞士苏黎世应用科学大学自然资源科学研究所(Zurich University of Applied Sciences Institute of Natural Resource Sciences)的研究人员根据几个全球气候变化的模型分析了未来30年内气温上升和降水率变化将对咖啡、腰果和鳄梨这三种作物产生的影响。
结果显示,随着全球气温的持续上升,种植咖啡、腰果和鳄梨的理想区域将消失、缩小或转移,尤其对于咖啡这种最容易受高温影响的作物来说,其种植前景不容乐观:比如目前使用最广泛的阿拉比卡(Arabica)咖啡豆,到2050年,其当前主产国种植该作物的适宜性将减少一半左右——该报告称之为"急剧"的减少。
文本选自:The Guardian(卫报)作者:Aliya Uteuova原文标题:Starbucks develops coffee seeds that can withstand climate change effects原文发布时间:4 Oct. 2023关键词:星巴克 咖啡 适应性
精听党带着问题听
1. 平均一个美国人每天喝多少咖啡?2. 如何理解段二中的“premature ripening”?3. “遗传多样性”用英语可以怎么表达?
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
Starbucks develops coffee seeds that can withstand climate change effects
星巴克开发可抵御气候变化影响的咖啡种子
seed n. 种子,籽;
withstand vt. 顶住,抵住;经受住,承受住(攻击、批评等);1. She failed to withstand the stresses and strains of public life. 她承受不了作为一个公众人物的生活压力和紧张。
段一
Starbucks recently announced that it’s developed six new varieties of coffee seeds that can withstand the effects of climate change, which some experts say is “critical” for the future of coffee. People in the US drink about 517m cups of coffee a day collectively, with the average American consuming three cups on a daily basis. But coffee, like many other crops, is under threat due to the climate crisis – subject to diseases, droughts, and extreme weather conditions.
variety n. 多样化,变化;种类,品种;(人或物的)各式各样;1. a great variety of 各种各样的;大量的;
expert n. 专家,能手,权威;
critical adj. 极其重要的,关键的;
collectively adv. 集体地,共同地;
consume vt. 消耗,消费;吃,喝;
on a daily basis 每天;
crop n. 庄稼;(谷物或水果的)收成,产量;
under threat 受到威胁;
subject to 受制于;遭受;易受;
drought n. 干旱,旱灾;
参考译文
星巴克最近宣布,它开发了六种新的咖啡种子,可以抵御气候变化的影响,一些专家表示,这对咖啡的未来“至关重要”。美国人每天总共喝掉约5.17亿杯咖啡,平均一个美国人每天喝掉3杯。但咖啡和许多其他作物一样,由于气候危机而受到威胁——易受疾病、干旱和极端天气条件的影响。
段二
Most of the coffee consumed worldwide comes from two species – arabica and robusta. Accounting for 70% of global coffee production, the arabica bean is more popular and for a good reason. Its smoother flavor, lower acidity, and fruity hints rank paramount to robusta’s grainy, more bitter flavor. Native to Ethiopia and predominantly grown in Central and South America, arabica is the only bean that Starbucks uses in its nearly 36,000 locations worldwide. But its sensitivity to rising temperatures makes it especially vulnerable to premature ripening and crop loss.
arabica n. 阿拉比卡(咖啡属的一种);
robusta n. 罗布斯塔(咖啡属的一种);
account for (数量、比例上) 占;
flavor n. 风味,味道;香料;滋味;
acidity n. 酸度;
paramount adj. 至为重要的,首要的;
grainy adj. 粒状的;木纹状的;多粒的;
predominantly adv. 绝大多数,主要地;
sensitivity n. (对细节或质量的)感知,觉察;(对新情况的)灵敏度;敏感,易生气;
premature ripening 早熟;提早(先期)成熟;
参考译文
全世界消费的大部分咖啡来自两个品种——阿拉比卡和罗布斯塔。占全球咖啡产量70%的阿拉比卡咖啡豆更受欢迎,这是有其充分的原因的。它的味道更顺滑,酸度更低,微微的果香比罗布斯塔的颗粒状口感,更苦的味道更重要。阿拉比卡咖啡豆原产于埃塞俄比亚,主要生长在中美洲和南美洲,是星巴克在全球近36000家分店使用的唯一咖啡豆。但它对温度上升的敏感性使其特别容易早熟和作物损失。
段三
“More researchers doing work that will provide climate resilient varieties is critical,” said Sarada Krishnan, a coffee scientist and grower. Robusta, a thicker bean, is generally more favorable to heat, and therefore easier to grow. Arabica on the other hand, with its low genetic diversity, is more susceptible to diseases like coffee leaf rust – a fungus that can overtake the plant when the conditions are warmer and wetter.
resilient adj.(人或动物)对困境有承受力的,有复原力的;有适应力的;
thicker adj. 更厚的,更粗的;更浓密的;更粘稠的;
be favorable to 有利于;
genetic diversity 遗传多样性;
be susceptible to 易受…影响的;对…敏感的;1. Water is crucial for survival in the desert. 水对于在沙漠中生存至关重要。
leaf rust [植保] 叶锈病;
fungus n. 真菌,真菌类植物;
overtake vt.(发展或增长)超越,超过;(情感等)压倒,使难以承受;侵入;
参考译文
咖啡科学家和种植者萨拉达·克里希南(Sarada Krishnan)说:“更多的研究人员致力于提供适应气候变化的品种是至关重要的。”罗布斯塔是一种较厚的豆子,通常更适合在温度升高的情况下生长,因此更容易种植。另一方面,阿拉比卡的基因多样性较低,更容易受到咖啡叶锈病等疾病的影响。咖啡叶锈病是一种真菌,当环境变得更加温暖潮湿时,这种真菌就会侵入植物体内。
精听党每日单词
seed
/siːd/ n. 种子,籽;
withstand
/wɪðˈstænd/ vt. 顶住,抵住;经受住,承受住(攻击、批评等);
variety
/vəˈraɪəti/ n. 多样化,变化;种类,品种;(人或物的)各式各样;
expert
/ˈekspɜːrt/ n. 专家,能手,权威;
critical
/ˈkrɪtɪk(ə)l/ adj. 极其重要的,关键的;
collectively
/kəˈlektɪvli/ adv. 集体地,共同地;
consume
/kənˈsuːm/ vt. 消耗,消费;吃,喝;
on a daily basis
每天;
crop
/krɑːp/ n. 庄稼;(谷物或水果的)收成,产量;
under threat
受到威胁;
subject to
受制于;遭受;易受;
drought
/draʊt/ n. 干旱,旱灾;
arabica
/əˈræbɪkə/ n. 阿拉比卡(咖啡属的一种);
robusta
/rə(ʊ)ˈbʌstə/ n. 罗布斯塔(咖啡属的一种);
account for
(数量、比例上) 占;
flavor
/ˈfleɪvər/ n. 风味,味道;香料;滋味;
acidity
/əˈsɪdəti/ n. 酸度;
paramount
/ˈpærəmaʊnt/ adj. 至为重要的,首要的;
grainy
/ˈɡreɪni/ adj. 粒状的;木纹状的;多粒的;
predominantly
/prɪˈdɑːmɪnəntli/ adv. 绝大多数,主要地;
sensitivity
/ˌsensəˈtɪvəti/ n. (对细节或质量的)感知,觉察;(对新情况的)灵敏度;敏感,易生气;
premature ripening
早熟;提早(先期)成熟;
resilient
/rɪˈzɪliənt/ adj.(人或动物)对困境有承受力的,有复原力的;有适应力的;
thicker
/ˈθɪkər/ adj. 更厚的,更粗的;更浓密的;更粘稠的;
be favorable to
有利于;
genetic diversity
遗传多样性;
be susceptible to
易受…影响的;对…敏感的;
leaf rust
[植保] 叶锈病;
fungus
/ˈfʌŋɡəs/ n. 真菌,真菌类植物;
overtake
/ˌoʊvərˈteɪk/ vt.(发展或增长)超越,超过;(情感等)压倒,使难以承受;侵入;
精听党文化拓展
事实上,由于恶劣的气候变化,咖啡价格已经飙升。
2021年,全球最大的咖啡豆供应国巴西遭遇了严重的干旱和不同寻常的霜冻,导致咖啡期货价格大幅上涨。据咖啡金融网称,美国ICE洲际交易所阿拉比卡咖啡期货主力合约(03合约)上涨4.8%至223.5美分/磅,创下2011年11月以来的最高水平,2021年咖啡价格接近翻倍。云南国际咖啡交易中心的数据显示,2021年1月以来,中国生咖啡豆订单价格也有小幅上涨。
2021年,美国咖啡零售价格上涨了6.3%,低于总体通胀率,这或许是因为包括星巴克在内的主要咖啡公司会以既定价格提前很长时间购买咖啡豆原料,但最终,价格上涨将打击消费者,而更加紧张的供应只会使情况更加恶化,因为全球咖啡市场仍在不断扩张。
据统计,自2021年1月以来,美国民众在工作中的咖啡消费增加了55%,在咖啡馆和餐馆的咖啡消费增加了20%。与此同时,作为新兴的咖啡种植和消费大国,中国的咖啡市场也在逐年增长。根据咖啡沙龙发布的《咖啡年刊2021》的统计,2010-2019年中国咖啡消费量年均增长率达到了19.83%,远超全球的1.83%;2020年中国咖啡企业新增注册量2.27万家,2021年前10月新增2.09万家。2021年上海市发布的《上海咖啡消费指数》显示,上海有近7,000家咖啡馆,已成为全世界咖啡馆数量最多的城市,甚至在疫情时期也在逆势增长。
艾媒咨询(iiMedia Research)的分析师认为,随着咖啡在中国消费者生活中普及,中国咖啡市场将进入一个高速发展的阶段,市场规模从2020年的3,000亿元增至2021年的3,817亿元,预计行业将保持27.2%的增长率,到2025年,中国咖啡市场规模预计将达1万亿元。
精听党每日美句
"To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest accomplishment." - Ralph Waldo Emerson
“在一个总是试图让你变成别的样子的世界里,做自己是最大的成就。”——拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生