每日英语听力外刊精读(往期@20230216):美联储2.5万亿美元的问题


文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)
作者:Unknown
原文标题:The Federal Reserve's $2.5trn question
原文发布时间:12 Feb. 2022
The Federal Reserve's $2.5trn question
Can a central bank make $2.5trn of cash vanish without anyone much noticing? That is the improbable, even audacious, mission the Federal Reserve has begun, trying to shrink its vast balance-sheet while minimising disturbances to the economy. The process—known as "quantitative tightening" (QT)—got under way in mid-2022. The Fed has already shed nearly $500bn in assets, a good first step. But recent ripples in the banking system hint at turbulence ahead. Some analysts and investors think these strains will ultimately force the Fed to call off QT well ahead of schedule. Others suspect that the central bank still has time, and tools, on its side.
It may sound like a technical and arcane debate. It is most certainly complex. But it also gets to the heart of modern monetary policy. The Fed, like other central banks, has come to rely on quantitative easing (QE)—purchasing assets, especially government bonds, on a giant scale—to calm financial markets and boost the economy during severe downturns. For QE to work in the future, QT must work now: expanding balance-sheets in bad times is only sustainable if they shrink in good times, otherwise they will ratchet ever higher.
Since the global financial crisis of 2007-9 the Fed has resorted to QE on four occasions, yielding a body of research about how it works. In contrast, the Fed has employed QT just once, from late 2017 to 2019, stopping early after the money market started to buckle. There is thus a lot of uncertainty about its consequences.
美联储2.5万亿美元的问题

精听党背景导读
此前,美国银行业存款外流引发了市场的讨论,市场对美联储试图抑制通胀对银行系统的影响产生疑虑。美联储希望减少银行存款,将多余资金从金融系统中抽走,而这或许会对银行的流动性产生影响。一些经济学家甚至认为,存款外流过快可能促使美联储在2023年年初结束紧缩政策。
文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)作者:Unknown原文标题:The Federal Reserve's $2.5trn question原文发布时间:12 Feb. 2022关键词:美联储 经济 政策
精听党带着问题听
1. 文中提到了哪几个经济类的专业术语?2. 为什么“量化紧缩政策”必须现在就发挥作用?3. 美联储在2017到2019年使用过几次“QT”政策?
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
The Federal Reserve's $2.5trn question
美联储2.5万亿美元的问题
Federal Reserve
 美联储;
段一
Can a central bank make $2.5trn of cash vanish without anyone much noticing? That is the improbable, even audacious, mission the Federal Reserve has begun, trying to shrink its vast balance-sheet while minimising disturbances to the economy. The process—known as "quantitative tightening" (QT)—got under way in mid-2022. The Fed has already shed nearly $500bn in assets, a good first step. But recent ripples in the banking system hint at turbulence ahead. Some analysts and investors think these strains will ultimately force the Fed to call off QT well ahead of schedule. Others suspect that the central bank still has time, and tools, on its side.
central bank 中央银行;
notice vi. 意识,注意;1. People were making fun of him but he didn't seem to notice. 人们在取笑他,但他似乎没有注意到。
improbable adj. 不大可能的;1. an improbable story 大概不是真实的故事;一个不可能的故事;
audacious adj. 无畏的;鲁莽的;1. audacity n. 鲁莽;大胆无礼;
The Audacity of Hope. 无畏的希望。
mission n. 任务;1. It's a mission to get there. 这是一项使命。
shrink vt. (使)缩小,减少;1. Television in a sense has shrunk the world. 从某种意义上说电视把世界缩小了。
vast adj. 巨大的,广大的;1. a vast crowd 一大群人;
balance-sheet n. 资产负债表;
minimise vt. 使缩到最小;1. Good hygiene helps to minimise the risk of infection. 良好的卫生习惯有助于减少感染的风险。
disturbance n. 干扰;1. disturb v. 干扰,打扰;
quantitative tightening 量化紧缩;1. quantitative adj. 数量的,量化的,定量的;2. tighten v. 变紧,更加牢固;
get under way 实施;开动;
shed vt. 去除,摆脱;1. get rid of… 摆脱,除去;
asset n. 资产,财产;1. the net asset value of the company 公司的资产净值;
ripple n. 涟漪;1. The air was so still that there was hardly a ripple on the pond's surface. 空气很静,池塘的水面上几乎没有一丝波纹。
hint vt. 暗示;
turbulence n. 动荡;1. n.(空气和水的)湍流,涡流,紊流;
We experienced severe turbulence during the flight. 我们在飞行中遇到了强烈的气流。
strain n. 焦虑,紧张;1. These repayments are putting a strain on our finances. 偿还这些债务对我们的财务状况形成了压力。
call off 取消;
suspect vt. 疑有,觉得(尤指坏事可能属实或发生);1. I began to suspect (that) they were trying to get rid of me. 我开始觉察出,他们试图摆脱掉我。
参考译文
中央银行能让2.5万亿美元的现金在不太有人注意到的情况下消失吗?这是美联储已经开始的一项不太可能、甚至是大胆的任务。试图缩减其庞大的资产负债表,同时尽量减少对经济的干扰。这一过程——被称为“量化紧缩”(QT)——于2022年年中开始实施。美联储已经剥离了近5000亿美元的资产,迈出了良好的第一步。但最近银行系统的波动暗示着未来的动荡。一些分析师和投资者认为,这些压力最终将迫使美联储提前取消QT计划。其他人则怀疑央行仍有时间和工具。
段二
It may sound like a technical and arcane debate. It is most certainly complex. But it also gets to the heart of modern monetary policy. The Fed, like other central banks, has come to rely on quantitative easing (QE)—purchasing assets, especially government bonds, on a giant scale—to calm financial markets and boost the economy during severe downturns. For QE to work in the future, QT must work now: expanding balance-sheets in bad times is only sustainable if they shrink in good times, otherwise they will ratchet ever higher.
arcane adj. 神秘的,晦涩难懂的;
monetary adj. 货币的;金融的;1. monetary policy/growth 货币政策/增长;
has come to do sth. 已经开始…;
quantitative easing 量化宽松;1. ease v.(使)宽慰;减轻;缓解;
bond n. 债券;1. junk bond 风险债券,垃圾债券;
boost vt. 使增长,推动;1. to boost exports/profits 增加出口;提高利润;
downturn n. (商业经济的)下降,衰退期;1. a downturn in sales/trade/business 销量/贸易/营业额下降;
sustainable adj.(计划、方法、体制)可持续的;1. sustainable economic growth 经济的可持续增长;
ratchet vi. 逐渐小幅增长;1. Overuse of credit cards has ratcheted up consumer debt to unacceptable levels. 过度使用信用卡已使消费者债务上升到不可接受的水平。
参考译文
这听起来像是一场技术性的、晦涩难懂的辩论。它肯定是复杂的。但它也触及了现代货币政策的核心。美联储和其他央行一样,已经开始依赖量化宽松(QE)——大规模购买资产,尤其是政府债券——以稳定金融市场,并在严重衰退期间提振经济。为了让量化宽松政策在未来发挥作用,量化紧缩政策必须现在就发挥作用:在经济不景气时期扩大资产负债表,只有在经济繁荣时期收缩,才是可持续的,否则它们会越来越高。
段三
Since the global financial crisis of 2007-9 the Fed has resorted to QE on four occasions, yielding a body of research about how it works. In contrast, the Fed has employed QT just once, from late 2017 to 2019, stopping early after the money market started to buckle. There is thus a lot of uncertainty about its consequences.
global financial crisis 全球金融危机;
resort vi. 诉诸;求助;1. resort to… 依靠,求助于;
yield vt. 产生(收益、效益等);1. Higher-rate deposit accounts yield good returns. 高利率的存款会产生丰厚的收益。
a body of 一系列;
buckle vi.(被)压垮,压弯;1. A weaker man would have buckled under the pressure. 意志薄弱的人在这种压力下可能就垮了。
参考译文
自2007年至2009年的全球金融危机以来,美联储曾四次采用量化宽松政策,并对其运作方式进行了大量研究。相比之下,美联储只在2017年末至2019年使用过一次QT,在货币市场开始崩溃后提前停止。因此,其后果存在很大的不确定性。
精听党每日单词
Federal Reserve
 美联储;
central bank
 中央银行;
notice
/ˈnoʊtɪs/ vi. 意识,注意;
improbable
/ɪmˈprɑːbəbl/ adj. 不大可能的;
audacious
/ɔːˈdeɪʃəs/ adj. 无畏的;鲁莽的;
mission
/ˈmɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 任务;
shrink
/ʃrɪŋk/ vt. (使)缩小,减少;
vast
/væst/ adj. 巨大的,广大的;
balance-sheet
/ˈbæləns ʃiːt/ n. 资产负债表;
minimise
/ˈmɪnɪmaɪz/ vt. 使缩到最小;
disturbance
/dɪˈstɜːrbəns/ n. 干扰;
quantitative tightening
 量化紧缩;
get under way
 实施;开动;
shed
/ʃed/ vt. 去除,摆脱;
asset
/ˈæset/ n. 资产,财产;
ripple
/ˈrɪp(ə)l/ n. 涟漪;
hint
/hɪnt/ vt. 暗示;
turbulence
/ˈtɜːrbjələns/ n. 动荡;
strain
/streɪn/ n. 焦虑,紧张;
call off
 取消;
suspect
/səˈspekt/ vt. 疑有,觉得(尤指坏事可能属实或发生);
arcane
/ɑːrˈkeɪn/ adj. 神秘的,晦涩难懂的;
monetary
/ˈmɑːnɪteri/ adj. 货币的;金融的;
has come to do sth.
 已经开始…;
quantitative easing
 量化宽松;
bond
/bɑːnd/ n. 债券;
boost
/buːst/ vt. 使增长,推动;
downturn
/ˈdaʊntɜːrn/ n. (商业经济的)下降,衰退期;
sustainable
/səˈsteɪnəb(ə)l/ adj.(计划、方法、体制)可持续的;
ratchet
/ˈrætʃɪt/ vi. 逐渐小幅增长;
global financial crisis
 全球金融危机;
resort
/rɪˈzɔːrt/ vi. 诉诸;求助;
yield
/jiːld/ vt. 产生(收益、效益等);
a body of
 一系列;
buckle
/ˈbʌk(ə)l/ vi.(被)压垮,压弯;
精听党文化拓展
简述缩表与加息的关系:
FRB/US模型显示,政策利率和资产负债表这两种工具主要通过对影响市场对中长期利率的预期来影响经济:实施和探讨利率政策通过影响短期借贷成本和对短期利率走向的预期对经济施加作用;资产负债表政策主要通过改变长期债券的供应(包括当前的和预期的)来影响中长期收益率中的期限溢价,进而影响经济。
在FRB/US模型中,当ELB不具有约束力时,上述两种工具在影响中长期利率、就业和通胀的能力方面是可替代的。由于这种可替代性,该模型可用于将资产负债表的削减规模转化为联邦基金利率的等价增长,并产生类似的宏观经济效果。
FRB/US模型揭示,在其他条件相同的情况下,美联储一次性永久减持相当于1%名义GDP的10年期等值美债,这会使10年期美债的期限溢价提高约10个基点。在FRB/US模型中,这种政策收紧幅度也可以通过将未来十年联邦基金利率的平均预期提高约10个基点来实现。
总之,上述关系提供了一个简单的经验法则,说明当利率脱离ELB时,缩表和加息之间的可替代性。然而,资产负债表的缩减规模能否转化为等效的加息,取决于资产负债表的规模和资产期限构成的演变。
精听党每日美句
A common danger causes common action.
同舟共济。
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