文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)
作者:Unknown
原文标题:The world’s $13trn interest bill
原文发布时间:20 Feb. 2023
The world's $13trn interest bill
After a calm 2010s, in which interest rates hardly budged, inflation is putting central-bank officials to work. Indeed, policymakers have rarely been busier. In the first quarter of 2021, policy rates in a sample of 58 rich and emerging economies stood at an average of 2.6%. By the final quarter of 2022, this figure had reached 7.1%. Meanwhile, total debt in these countries hit a record $300trn, or 345% of their combined GDP, up from $255trn, or 320% of GDP, before the covid-19 pandemic.
The more indebted the world becomes, the more sensitive it is to rate rises. To assess the combined effect of borrowing and higher rates, The Economist has estimated the interest bill for firms, households and governments across 58 countries. Together these economies account for more than 90% of global GDP. In 2021 their interest bill stood at a $10.4trn, or 12% of combined GDP. By 2022 it had reached a whopping $13trn, or 14.5% of GDP.
Our calculations make certain assumptions. In the real world, higher interest rates do not push up debt-servicing costs immediately, except for those of floating-rate debt, such as many overnight bank loans. The maturity of government debt tends to range from five to ten years; firms and households tend to borrow on a shorter-term basis. We assume that rate rises feed through over the course of five years for public debt, and over a two-year period for households and companies.
全球13万亿美元的利息开支
精听党背景导读
美联储近日发布的家庭债务和信贷季度报告显示,2022年第四季度美国家庭债务总额达到创纪录的16.9万亿美元,较前一季度增加了3940亿美元,增幅为2.4%。
根据纽约联邦储备银行数据,2022年第四季度美国人信用卡债务余额增长近6.6%,升至9860亿美元,创自1999年有记录以来的最高季度增长率;信用卡债务余额同比上升15.2%。
文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)作者:Unknown原文标题:The world’s $13trn interest bill原文发布时间:20 Feb. 2023关键词:利息 GDP 债务
精听党带着问题听
1.“偿债的能力”用英语可以怎么表达?2. 如何理解第三段中的“maturity”?3. 政府债务的期限一般是多久?
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
The world’s $13trn interest bill
全球13万亿美元的利息开支
interest bill
利息支出;利息账单;
段一
After a calm 2010s, in which interest rates hardly budged, inflation is putting central-bank officials to work. Indeed, policymakers have rarely been busier. In the first quarter of 2021, policy rates in a sample of 58 rich and emerging economies stood at an average of 2.6%. By the final quarter of 2022, this figure had reached 7.1%. Meanwhile, total debt in these countries hit a record $300trn, or 345% of their combined GDP, up from $255trn, or 320% of GDP, before the covid-19 pandemic.
budge vi. 挪动;使改变想法;1. The removal men couldn't budge the piano. 搬运工移不动那架钢琴。2. You can never budge him from his opinion. 你永远也不可能让他改变主张。
emerging economy 新兴经济体;新兴国家经济体;1. emerging adj. 新兴的;
stand vi. 达到特定水平;达到特定数值;1. The thermometer stands at 40°C. 温度计的读数为40摄氏度。2. The budget stood at £2,000 million per annum. 预算为每年20亿英镑。
hit vt. 达到(某水平);
record adj. 创纪录的,空前的;
combined adj. 共同的;总计的;总共的;
GDP abbr. 国内生产总值(Gross Domestic Product);
参考译文
在利率几乎没有变动的、平静的2010年代之后,通货膨胀迫使中央银行官员开始工作。事实上,政策制定者很少有如此忙碌的时候。在2021年第一季度,58个富裕和新兴经济体的政策利率平均为2.6%。到2022年最后一个季度,这个数字已经达到7.1%。同时,这些国家的债务总额达到了创纪录的300万亿美元,占其GDP总量的345%,高于新冠肺炎流行前的255万亿美元,占GDP总量的320%。
段二
The more indebted the world becomes, the more sensitive it is to rate rises. To assess the combined effect of borrowing and higher rates, The Economist has estimated the interest bill for firms, households and governments across 58 countries. Together these economies account for more than 90% of global GDP. In 2021 their interest bill stood at a $10.4trn, or 12% of combined GDP. By 2022 it had reached a whopping $13trn, or 14.5% of GDP.
indebted adj. 蒙恩的;欠债的;1. to be indebted to sb. for sth./for doing sth. 因某事/因做某事而感激某人;2. to be indebted to sb. (for sth.) (因某事物)欠某人钱;
account for(数量或比例上)占;是…的原因;对…做出解释;1. How do you account for the disappearance of the letter? 信不见了,你作何解释?2. Exports account for 70% of their trade. 出口占他们贸易量的70%。
whopping adj. 巨大的;1. a whopping prize/salary/mistake 大奖/高薪/天大的错误;
参考译文
世界上的债务越多,对利率上升就越敏感。为了评估借贷和利率上升的综合影响,《经济学人》对58个国家的公司、家庭和政府的利息支出进行了估算。这些经济体合计占全球GDP的90%以上。2021年,他们的利息支出为10.4万亿美元,占GDP总量的12%。到2022年,它已经达到了惊人的13万亿美元,相当于GDP总量的14.5%。
段三
Our calculations make certain assumptions. In the real world, higher interest rates do not push up debt-servicing costs immediately, except for those of floating-rate debt, such as many overnight bank loans. The maturity of government debt tends to range from five to ten years; firms and households tend to borrow on a shorter-term basis. We assume that rate rises feed through over the course of five years for public debt, and over a two-year period for households and companies.
assumption n. 假定;1. on the assumption that… 根据…这一假定;2. to make an assumption 作出假定;3. a wrong or mistaken assumption 错误的假定;
push up 提高;强使(物价等)上升;
debt-servicing adj. 偿债的;1. debt servicing capacity 外债偿还能力;偿债的能力;2. debt-servicing costs 还本付息成本;偿债成本;
floating-rate adj. 浮动利率的;1. fixed-rate loan 固定利率贷款;
maturity n. 成熟;到期;(债券等)偿还期;(保险单、证券等)有固定到期日的票据;1. to reach maturity 达到成熟状态;2. at full maturity 处于完全成熟状态;3. maturity date 到期日;
feed vi. 饲养,喂养;达到;助涨;
course n. 进程,进展;道路,航线;
参考译文
我们针对估算做出了某些假设。在现实世界中,较高的利率不会立即推高偿债成本,除了那些浮动利率的债务,例如许多隔夜银行贷款。政府债务的期限往往在五到十年之间;公司和家庭往往在较短期限内借款。我们假设公共债务的利率上升会在五年内传导,而家庭和公司则在两年内传导。
精听党每日单词
interest bill
利息支出;利息账单;
budge
/bʌdʒ/ vi. 挪动;使改变想法;
emerging economy
新兴经济体;新兴国家经济体;
stand
/stænd/ vi. 达到特定水平;达到特定数值;
hit
/hɪt/ vt. 达到(某水平);
record
/ˈrekərd/ adj. 创纪录的,空前的;
combined
/kəmˈbaɪnd/ adj. 共同的;总计的;总共的;
GDP
abbr. 国内生产总值(Gross Domestic Product);
indebted
/ɪnˈdetɪd/ adj. 蒙恩的;欠债的;
account for
(数量或比例上)占;是…的原因;对…做出解释;
whopping
/ˈwɑːpɪŋ/ adj. 巨大的;
assumption
/əˈsʌmpʃ(ə)n/ n. 假定;
push up
提高;强使(物价等)上升;
debt-servicing
/det ˈsɜːrvɪsɪŋ/ adj. 偿债的;
floating-rate
/ˈfloʊtɪŋ reɪt/ adj. 浮动利率的;
maturity
/məˈtʃʊrəti/ n. 成熟;到期;(债券等)偿还期;(保险单、证券等)有固定到期日的票据;
feed
/fiːd/ vi. 饲养,喂养;达到;助涨;
course
/kɔːrs/ n. 进程,进展;道路,航线;
精听党文化拓展
今年1月19日,美国债务突破31.4万亿美元法定上限,美国财政部自上周开始采取“特别措施”来避免联邦政府发生债务违约。美财长耶伦20日警告称,“特别措施”能支撑的时长难以确定,最早可能在6月耗尽。
但随着美国民主、共和两党的政治斗争愈演愈烈,双方始终无法就提高债务上限的议案达成一致。作为众议院多数党的共和党要求大幅削减预算开支,以换取共和党人对提高债务上限的支持,但白宫和参议院多数党民主党拒绝接受这一提议。
分析人士认为,共和党人凯文·麦卡锡经过15轮投票才最终当选众议院议长,其中部分原因在于他承诺对民主党采取“强硬态度”。这意味着共和党内极右翼力量不太可能在债务上限问题上向民主党人妥协。
《金融时报》指出,作为全球金融体系的基石之一,美国国债市场对全球各国央行和投资者有着“避风港”作用,如果发生债务违约,将对全球金融市场造成剧烈冲击。英国巴克莱银行投资级债券负责人梅根·格拉普(Meghan Graper)表示,债务上限危机目前还没有对市场造成影响,但影响可能在下半年逐渐显现。
美国债务上限制度始于1917年,当时国会设立此项制度的初衷是使政府能够定期检视开支情况,加强财政自律。然而,自有记录的1940年以来,美国联邦政府债务规模屡次逼近甚至达到债务上限。这一红线也已被修改了104次,平均每9个月一次。其中,大部分是上调,以满足政府所作出的支出承诺。
最近一次发生在2021年10月,美国联邦政府当时触及28.9万亿美元的法定债务上限,美国财政部采取非常规措施,避免出现债务违约,直至当年12月美国国会通过立法,将债务上限提高至31.4万亿美元,才暂时缓解了债务危机。然而,仅仅一年之后,美国联邦政府未偿债务就增加了2万多亿美元,再次突破红线。
精听党每日美句
Do not change horses in mid-stream.
别在河流中间换马。