每日英语听力外刊精读20231108:海星没有头?其实它整体就是个“头”


文本选自:Scientific American(科学美国人)
作者:Lori Youmshajekian
原文标题:Starfish Are Heads—Just Heads
原文发布时间:5 Nov. 2023
Starfish Are Heads—Just Heads
At first glance, starfish seem to be all limbs, with five appendages lined with rows of tube feet giving them their signature shape. Marine scientists have long wondered how they evolved to have such anatomy—and where their head might be.
It turns out that, genetically speaking, the animals are actually almost all head and no trunk, according to a new study published in Nature. The finding upends previous hypotheses about the body plans of starfish and is outright surprising, even to experts. "They're all head? !" wrote Gail Grabowsky, a professor of environmental science at the Chaminade University of Honolulu, who wasn't involved in the paper, in an e-mail to Scientific American. The results are "just super cool," she added. Plus, they offer clues about how these creatures became such bizarre evolutionary exceptions.
The vast majority of animals are bilaterally symmetrical, or bilaterian, meaning a single line can divide their body into two identical halves. But starfish—as well as sand dollars and sea anemones—have radial symmetry, with identical segments of their body radiating out from a central point. In particular, starfish, also called sea stars, have fivefold radial symmetry, so the animal can be divided into five identical segments. A set of molecular markers on a sea star's genes determine the animal's body plan, which includes its radial symmetry and organ structure. These genetic networks exist in all bilaterian organisms.
海星没有头?其实它整体就是个“头”

精听党背景导读
在最新的海洋生物学研究中,科学家们颠覆了传统关于海星解剖的认知,发现这些放射对称的生物在遗传上几乎全是“头部”结构,而没有“躯干”。这一发现不仅重塑了我们对海星及其棘皮动物亲戚进化历程的理解,也为探索生物多样性的演变提供了新的视角。
文本选自:Scientific American(科学美国人)作者:Lori Youmshajekian原文标题:Starfish Are Heads—Just Heads原文发布时间:5 Nov. 2023关键词:海星 生物 研究
精听党带着问题听
1. 如何理解第一段中的“evolve”2. 如何用英语表达“向外辐射”?3. 绝大多数动物都是两侧对称的吗?
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
Starfish Are Heads—Just Heads
海星是一颗头——只是头
starfish
 n. 海星;
段一
At first glance, starfish seem to be all limbs, with five appendages lined with rows of tube feet giving them their signature shape. Marine scientists have long wondered how they evolved to have such anatomy—and where their head might be.
at first glance 乍一看,初看之下;1. At first glance, the painting appeared to be a simple landscape, but upon closer examination, intricate details became evident. 乍一看,这幅画似乎是一幅简单的风景画,但仔细观察后,复杂的细节显现出来。
limb n. 肢;大树枝;(某物的)突出部,延伸部分;
appendage n.(人或动物的)附属肢体;
(be) lined with 被…覆盖,布满…;1. The forest floor was lined with fallen leaves, creating a colorful carpet. 森林地面铺满了落叶,形成了一层多彩的地毯。2. The tunnel was lined with intricate carvings that told the story of the ancient civilization. 隧道上布满了复杂的雕刻,讲述了古代文明的故事。
rows of tube feet 一排排的管足;1. The sea star's underside is covered in rows of tube feet that help it move and capture prey. 海星的底面覆盖着一排排的管足,有助于它移动和捕食猎物。
signature shape 标志性的形状,特有的外形;1. signature n. 明显特征;鲜明特色;识别标志;2. The Coca-Cola bottle's signature shape has become iconic worldwide. 可口可乐瓶子的标志性形状已经成为全球知名。3. The company's logo features a mountain peak, which has become its signature shape. 公司的标志以一座山峰为特色,已经成为其标志性形状。
marine adj. 海洋的,海生的;1. The marine biologist studied the diverse species of creatures in the ocean. 海洋生物学家研究了海洋中多种多样的生物物种。2. The documentary explores the wonders of marine life in the deep sea. 这部纪录片探索了深海中海洋生物的奇观。
wonder vt. 想知道,感到惊讶;1. I wonder what the weather will be like tomorrow. 我想知道明天的天气如何。2. n. 奇迹,惊奇;
The natural wonder of the northern lights attracts tourists from around the world. 北极光的自然奇观吸引着来自世界各地的游客。
evolve vi. 逐渐形成,逐步发展,逐渐演变;
anatomy n. 解剖学;(动植物的)结构;1. In medical school, students study the anatomy of the human body in detail. 在医学院,学生详细研究人体的解剖结构。
参考译文
乍一看,海星似乎全是肢体,五个带着排列整齐的管足的附肢赋予了它们标志性的形状。长久以来,海洋科学家一直想知道它们是如何进化出这样的解剖结构的——以及它们的头在哪里。
段二
It turns out that, genetically speaking, the animals are actually almost all head and no trunk, according to a new study published in Nature. The finding upends previous hypotheses about the body plans of starfish and is outright surprising, even to experts. "They're all head?!" wrote Gail Grabowsky, a professor of environmental science at the Chaminade University of Honolulu, who wasn't involved in the paper, in an e-mail to Scientific American. The results are "just super cool," she added. Plus, they offer clues about how these creatures became such bizarre evolutionary exceptions.
genetically speaking 从遗传学的角度来说;
trunk n. 躯干;
upend vt. 倒置;颠倒;竖立;
hypothesis n. 假说,假设;1. Scientists formulated several hypotheses to explain the observed phenomenon. 科学家提出了几个假设来解释所观察到的现象。
outright adv. 彻底地;坦率地;毫不保留地;1. He denied the accusation outright. 他断然否认了这一指控。
clue n. 线索,提示;理解,想法;
bizarre adj. 奇怪的;古怪的;离奇的;
参考译文
根据发表在《自然》杂志上的一项新研究,事实证明,从遗传学上讲,这些动物实际上几乎都是头,没有躯干。这一发现颠覆了以往关于海星身体结构的假设,甚至让专家们都感到惊讶。“它们全是头?!”檀香山夏米纳德大学的环境科学教授盖尔·格拉博斯基在给《科学美国人》的一封电子邮件中写道,她并没有参与这篇论文,“结果太酷了,”她补充说。而且,这些发现还提供了线索,关于这些生物如何成为如此奇异的进化例外。
段三
The vast majority of animals are bilaterally symmetrical, or bilaterian, meaning a single line can divide their body into two identical halves. But starfish—as well as sand dollars and sea anemones—have radial symmetry, with identical segments of their body radiating out from a central point. In particular, starfish, also called sea stars, have fivefold radial symmetry, so the animal can be divided into five identical segments. A set of molecular markers on a sea star's genes determine the animal's body plan, which includes its radial symmetry and organ structure. These genetic networks exist in all bilaterian organisms.
vast majority 绝大多数;1. The vast majority of participants agreed with the proposal. 绝大多数参与者同意这项提议。
bilaterally adv. 双边地;双方地;1. The trade agreement was negotiated bilaterally between the two countries. 这项贸易协定是两国双边谈判达成的。
symmetrical adj. 对称的;匀称的;1. The butterfly's wings had a symmetrical pattern of vibrant colors. 蝴蝶的翅膀上有一个对称的鲜艳的图案。
bilaterian n. 双面动物;双侧对称动物;
identical adj. 完全同样的;相同的;
sand dollar 沙美元(海洋生物);1. Children love to collect sand dollars on the beach during their summer vacations. 孩子们在暑假期间喜欢在海滩上收集沙美元。
sea anemone 海葵(海洋生物);1. The colorful sea anemones sway with the ocean currents, attracting small fish for food. 多彩的海葵随着海流摇摆,吸引小鱼为食。
radial symmetry 放射对称(生物学术语);
segment n. 部分,片段;1. The book is divided into several segments, each focusing on a different aspect of the topic. 这本书分为若干部分,每一部分都专注于主题的不同方面。2. v. 分割,划分成段;
She segments her presentation into three main sections for clarity. 她将演示分为三个主要部分,以便更清晰地表达。
radiate out 向外辐射;
fivefold adj. 五倍的;五重的;1. The project experienced a fivefold increase in productivity after the new system was implemented. 新系统实施后,该项目的生产率增加了五倍。
molecular marker 分子标记;1. Molecular markers play a crucial role in genetic research and the diagnosis of diseases. 分子标记在遗传研究和疾病诊断中起着至关重要的作用。
organism n. 生物;有机体;1. Scientists study various organisms to better understand the complexities of life on Earth. 科学家研究各种生物以更好地理解地球上生命的复杂性。
参考译文
绝大多数动物都是两侧对称的,或者说是双边对称的,意味着可以用一条线将它们的身体分成两个完全相同的半边。但是海星——以及海胆和海葵——有放射对称性,它们身体的相同部分从中心点向外辐射。特别是海星,也称为海星(类),具有五倍放射对称性,所以动物可以被分成五个相同的部分。一组分子标记存在于海星的基因上,决定了动物的身体构造,其中包括其放射对称性和器官结构。这些遗传网络存在于所有双边对称生物体内。
精听党每日单词
starfish
 /ˈstɑːrfɪʃ/ n. 海星;
at first glance
 乍一看,初看之下;
limb
 /lɪm/ n. 肢;大树枝;(某物的)突出部,延伸部分;
appendage
 /əˈpendɪdʒ/ n.(人或动物的)附属肢体;
(be) lined with
 被…覆盖,布满…;
rows of tube feet
 一排排的管足;
signature shape
 标志性的形状,特有的外形;
marine
 /məˈriːn/ adj. 海洋的,海生的;
wonder
 /ˈwʌndər/ vt. 想知道,感到惊讶;
evolve
 /ɪˈvɑːlv/ vi. 逐渐形成,逐步发展,逐渐演变;
anatomy
 /əˈnætəmi/ n. 解剖学;(动植物的)结构;
genetically speaking
 从遗传学的角度来说;
trunk
 /trʌŋk/ n. 树干;象鼻;汽车后备箱;
upend
 /ʌpˈend/ vt. 倒置;颠倒;竖立;
hypothesis
 /haɪˈpɑːθəsɪs/ n. 假说,假设;
outright
 /ˈaʊtraɪt/ adv. 彻底地;坦率地;毫不保留地;
clue
 /kluː/ n. 线索,提示;理解,想法;
bizarre
 /bɪˈzɑːr/ adj. 奇怪的;古怪的;离奇的;
vast majority
 绝大多数;
bilaterally
 /ˌbaɪˈlætərəli/ adv. 双边地;双方地;
symmetrical
 /sɪˈmetrɪk(ə)l/ adj. 对称的;匀称的;
bilaterian
 /baɪˈlætəriən/ n. 双面动物;双侧对称动物;
identical
 /aɪˈdentɪk(ə)l/ adj. 完全同样的;相同的;
sand dollar
 沙美元(海洋生物);
sea anemone
 海葵(海洋生物);
radial symmetry
 放射对称(生物学术语);
segment
 /ˈseɡmənt/ n. 部分,片段;
radiate out
 向外辐射;
fivefold
 /ˈfaɪvfoʊld/ adj. 五倍的;五重的;
molecular marker
 分子标记;
organism
 /ˈɔːrɡənɪzəm/ n. 生物;有机体;
精听党文化拓展
对称性原理是生物学中一个基本的概念,它描述了生物体的形态对称性质。在自然界中,对称性有助于生物体的功能和生存,而且通常与生物体的进化和发展紧密相关。对称性主要分为两种类型:
1.双边对称(Bilateral Symmetry):这是最常见的对称类型,可以在人类和大多数动物身上看到。如果通过生物体的中间画一条线,这条线将生物体分割成几乎是镜像的两半。双边对称通常与动物的移动能力和感官器官的位置有关,比如眼睛和耳朵通常位于身体的前端,这有助于捕食和逃避捕食者。
2.放射对称(Radial Symmetry):这种对称性意味着生物体可以通过中心点进行多个切割,并且每个切割面都能得到相同的形态。海星和其他一些棘皮动物就是这种对称性的例子。放射对称通常与生活在固定位置或缓慢移动的生物相关,如海葵和水母,它们的这种结构有助于从各个方向接收食物和感知环境。
了解这两种对称性的区别及其在自然界中的分布,可以帮助我们理解不同生物体是如何适应它们的生活环境的。例如,双边对称的动物通常是主动移动的捕食者或快速逃避捕食者的猎物,而放射对称的生物则可能更适合于底栖生活或漂浮生活,这样可以从多个方向接触到食物来源或感知潜在的威胁。
在海星的研究中,对称性原理尤其重要,因为它们展示了从双边对称的祖先进化到放射对称的现代形态的过程。这种独特的对称性不仅是它们身体结构的一个特点,也反映了它们在进化过程中的一系列复杂的遗传和发育变化。
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"The only limit to the height of your achievements is the reach of your dreams and your willingness to work for them." - Michelle Obama
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