每日英语听力外刊精读(往期@20230326):美国银行业的腐败有多严重?


文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)
作者:Unknown
原文标题:How deep is the rot in America’s banking industry?
原文发布时间:22 Mar. 2023
How deep is the rot in America's banking industry?
Banking is a confidence trick. Financial history is littered with runs, for the straightforward reason that no bank can survive if enough depositors want to be repaid at the same time. The trick, therefore, is to ensure that customers never have cause to whisk away their cash. It is one that bosses at Silicon Valley Bank (SVB), formerly America's 16th-largest lender, failed to perform at a crucial moment.
The fall of SVB, a 40-year-old bank set up to cater to the Bay Area tech scene, took less than 40 hours. On March 8th the lender said it would issue more than $2bn of equity capital, in part to cover bond losses. This prompted scrutiny of its balance-sheet, which revealed around half its assets were long-dated bonds, and many were underwater. In response, deposits worth $42bn were withdrawn, a quarter of the bank's total. At noon on March 10th regulators declared that SVB had failed.
It might have been a one-off. SVB's business—banking for techies—was unusual. Most clients were firms, holding in excess of the $250,000 protected by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), a regulator. If the bank failed, they faced losses. And SVB used deposits to buy long-dated bonds at the peak of the market. "One might have supposed that Silicon Valley Bank would be a good candidate for failure without contagion, " says Larry Summers, a former treasury secretary. Nevertheless, withdrawal requests at other regional banks in the following days showed "there was in fact substantial contagion".
美国银行业的腐败有多严重?

精听党背景导读
3月12日,美国财政部、美联储、联邦存款保险公司发表联合声明,宣布对硅谷银行倒闭事件采取行动。与此同时,美国监管机构以“系统性风险”为由,宣布关闭签名银行(Signature Bank)。这是继硅谷银行后,三天内被关闭的第二家美国金融机构。在一系列事件催化作用下,美股银行股发生剧烈波动。
文本选自:The Economist(经济学人)作者:Unknown原文标题:How deep is the rot in America’s banking industry?原文发布时间:22 Mar. 2023关键词:腐败 银行业 美国
精听党带着问题听
1.“打蛋器”用英语可以怎么表达?2. SVB的倒闭花了多久?3. 如何理解第三段中的“contagion”?
精听党选段赏析
标题解读
How deep is the rot in America’s banking industry?
美国银行业的腐败有多严重?
rot n. 腐烂,腐烂物;<英>腐化,堕落(the rot);<美>官员腐败(the rot);1. the rot in the system 体制中的腐败;2. The rot has set in. 情况开始恶化。
banking n. 银行业;银行业务;
段一
Banking is a confidence trick. Financial history is littered with runs, for the straightforward reason that no bank can survive if enough depositors want to be repaid at the same time. The trick, therefore, is to ensure that customers never have cause to whisk away their cash. It is one that bosses at Silicon Valley Bank (SVB), formerly America’s 16th-largest lender, failed to perform at a crucial moment.
trick n. 花招,诡计,骗局;窍门,技巧;戏法,把戏;恶作剧,戏弄;1. to play a trick on 捉弄;开玩笑;恶作剧;诈骗;2. confidence trick 骗局;欺诈;
litter vt. 散乱覆盖;(在公共场所)乱扔(垃圾);使(某事物)充满;1. to litter the yard with bottles and cans 把瓶子和罐头扔得满地都是;2. The road was littered with boulders. 路面布满了石头。
run n. 抛售(美元、英镑等);争购,抢购;(到银行)挤提,挤兑;
straightforward adj. 简单的,易懂的;(人)诚实的,坦率的;1. a blunt straightforward person 一个耿直坦率的人;
depositor n. 存款人,存放者;(银行的)储户;寄托者;
repay vt. 付还,偿还;报答,回报;值得付出(时间、努力等);
cause n. 原因,起因;动机,缘由;1. have no cause to do sth. 没有任何理由做某事;
whisk vi. 拂,掸;搅动;挥动;迅速带走;1. to whisk away 卷走;带走;快速移走;拂去;弹去;扫去;2. n. 搅拌器;扫帚;毛掸子;
egg whisk 打蛋器;鸡蛋搅打器;
formerly adv. 以前,原来;
lender n. 贷方;[金融]出借人;
crucial adj. 至关重要的,决定性的;<非正式>极好的;1. crucial time 关键时期;2. a crucial decision 一个极其重要的决定;
参考译文
银行储蓄是一场骗局。金融史上挤兑现象时有发生,原因很简单:如果足够多的储户希望同时获得提现,那么没有一家银行能够支撑下去。因此,诀窍在于确保客户永远没理由把钱取走。硅谷银行(SVB)曾是美国第16大银行,其领导们在关键时刻未能做到这一点。
段二
The fall of SVB, a 40-year-old bank set up to cater to the Bay Area tech scene, took less than 40 hours. On March 8th the lender said it would issue more than $2bn of equity capital, in part to cover bond losses. This prompted scrutiny of its balance-sheet, which revealed around half its assets were long-dated bonds, and many were underwater. In response, deposits worth $42bn were withdrawn, a quarter of the bank’s total. At noon on March 10th regulators declared that SVB had failed.
fall n. 落下,跌倒;(数量、水平、价格等的)下降,降低;秋天,秋季;失败,垮台;
set up 建立;装配;开业;竖立;
cater vi. 提供餐饮服务,承办酒席;满足,迎合;1. cater to 迎合;满足;投合;
cater to different needs 满足不同需求;
tech scene 科技界,科技行业;
issue vt. 发表,颁布;分发,分配;正式发行;流出,发出;
equity capital 权益资本;[会计] 产权资本;股本权益;
in part 部分地;在某种程度上;
bond n. 纽带,联系;公债,债券;
prompt vt. 促使,导致;鼓励,提示(说话者);
scrutiny n. 仔细观察,详细审查,监视;细看;
balance-sheet n. [会计] 资产负债表;资产平衡表;
long-dated adj. 远期的;
underwater adj. 在水中的;水面下的;资不抵债的;1. More than 30% of borrowers were underwater on their mortgage. 美国超过30%贷款购房者的房屋资不抵债。2. Most underwater homeowners are still paying their mortgages on time. 大部分资不抵债的购房者依然在按时缴纳按揭。
withdraw vt. (使)撤离;撤销;取款;收回(前言);1. withdraw money 取款;2. withdraw deposit 提取存款;提款;
quarter n. 四等份之一;15分钟,一刻钟;
参考译文
SVB是一家拥有40年历史的银行,成立之初是为了支持湾区(创始地区)的科技行业,它的倒闭只花了不到40个小时。3月8日,该银行表示将发行20多亿美元的新股融资,部分用于弥补债券投资亏损。这引发了对其资产负债表进行审查,审查结果显示其约一半的资产是长期债券,还有许多资不抵债的情况。为此,价值420亿美元的存款被提现,占该行总存款的四分之一。3月10日中午,监管机构宣布SVB破产。
段三
It might have been a one-off. SVB’s business—banking for techies—was unusual. Most clients were firms, holding in excess of the $250,000 protected by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), a regulator. If the bank failed, they faced losses. And SVB used deposits to buy long-dated bonds at the peak of the market. “One might have supposed that Silicon Valley Bank would be a good candidate for failure without contagion,” says Larry Summers, a former treasury secretary. Nevertheless, withdrawal requests at other regional banks in the following days showed “there was in fact substantial contagion”.
one-off n. 一次性事物;与他人完全不同者;绝无仅有的事物;1. It was just a one-off; it won't happen again. 这事绝无仅有;不会再发生了。
techie n. 高科技专家;热衷电子学的电子迷;技师;科技通,科技迷;技术人员,技术爱好者;计算机专业人员;
in excess of 超过;较…为多;
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 美国联邦储蓄保险公司;
peak n. 巅峰,顶点;山顶;有尖峰的山;尖端,尖顶;帽檐,帽舌;极值,峰值;
candidate n. 候选人,申请者;有望体验(得到)……的人(物);投考者,考生;攻读学位者;1. a good candidate for 一个很好的候选者,备选方案,不二的选择;
contagion n. 传染病;接触传染;接触性传染病;(不良事物的快速)传播;蔓延;扩散;
treasury n. 财政部;国库,金库;宝库;1. treasury secretary 财政部长;
nevertheless adv. 仍然,然而,不过;
substantial adj. 大量的,价值巨大的;牢固的,结实的;基本的,实质性的;
参考译文
硅谷银行的倒闭并不具有广泛的代表性。SVB的业务是比较特殊的,它们为科技人员提供银行服务。其大多数客户都是公司,持有资产超过监管机构联邦存款保险公司(FDIC)提供的25万美元保险。如果银行倒闭了,他们就面临损失。而且SVB在市场高峰时期用存款购买长期债券。前财政部长拉里·萨默斯(Larry Summers)表示:“人们可能会认为,硅谷银行的破产不大会广泛波及其他机构。”然而,在接下来的几天里,联邦储备银行其他分行收到的提现申请表明,“事实上存在严重的影响”。
精听党每日单词
rot
/rɑːt/ n. 腐烂,腐烂物;<英>腐化,堕落(the rot);<美>官员腐败(the rot);
banking
/ˈbæŋkɪŋ/ n. 银行业;银行业务;
trick
/trɪk/ n. 花招,诡计,骗局;窍门,技巧;戏法,把戏;恶作剧,戏弄;
litter
/ˈlɪtər/ vt. 散乱覆盖;(在公共场所)乱扔(垃圾);使(某事物)充满;
run
/rʌn/ n. 抛售(美元、英镑等);争购,抢购;(到银行)挤提,挤兑;
straightforward
/ˌstreɪtˈfɔːrwərd/ adj. 简单的,易懂的;(人)诚实的,坦率的;
depositor
/dɪˈpɑːzɪtər/ n. 存款人,存放者;(银行的)储户;寄托者;
repay
/rɪˈpeɪ/ vt. 付还,偿还;报答,回报;值得付出(时间、努力等);
cause
/kɔːz/ n. 原因,起因;动机,缘由;
whisk
/wɪsk/ vi. 拂,掸;搅动;挥动;迅速带走;
formerly
/ˈfɔːrmərli/ adv. 以前,原来;
lender
/ˈlendər/ n. 贷方;[金融]出借人;
crucial
/ˈkruːʃl/ adj. 至关重要的,决定性的;<非正式>极好的;
fall
/fɔːl/ n. 落下,跌倒;(数量、水平、价格等的)下降,降低;秋天,秋季;失败,垮台;
set up
 建立;装配;开业;竖立;
cater
/ˈkeɪtər/ vi. 提供餐饮服务,承办酒席;满足,迎合;
tech scene
 科技界,科技行业;
issue
/ˈɪʃuː/ vt. 发表,颁布;分发,分配;正式发行;流出,发出;
equity capital
 权益资本;[会计] 产权资本;股本权益;
in part
 部分地;在某种程度上;
bond
/bɑːnd/ n. 纽带,联系;公债,债券;
prompt
/prɑːmpt/ vt. 促使,导致;鼓励,提示(说话者);
scrutiny
/ˈskruːtəni/ n. 仔细观察,详细审查,监视;细看;
balance-sheet
/ˈbæləns ʃiːt/ n. [会计] 资产负债表;资产平衡表;
long-dated
/lɔːŋ ˈdeɪtɪd/ adj. 远期的;
underwater
/ˌʌndərˈwɔːtər/ adj. 在水中的;水面下的;资不抵债的;
withdraw
/wɪðˈdrɔː/ vt. (使)撤离;撤销;取款;收回(前言);
quarter
/ˈkwɔːrtər/ n. 四等份之一;15分钟,一刻钟;
one-off
/ˌwʌn ˈɔːf/ n. 一次性事物;与他人完全不同者;绝无仅有的事物;
techie
/ˈteki/ n. 高科技专家;热衷电子学的电子迷;技师;科技通,科技迷;技术人员,技术爱好者;计算机专业人员;
in excess of
 超过;较…为多;
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
 美国联邦储蓄保险公司;
peak
/piːk/ n. 巅峰,顶点;山顶;有尖峰的山;尖端,尖顶;帽檐,帽舌;极值,峰值;
candidate
/ˈkændɪdət/ n. 候选人,申请者;有望体验(得到)……的人(物);投考者,考生;攻读学位者;
contagion
/kənˈteɪdʒən/ n. 传染病;接触传染;接触性传染病;(不良事物的快速)传播;蔓延;扩散;
treasury
/ˈtreʒəri/ n. 财政部;国库,金库;宝库;
nevertheless
/ˌnevərðəˈles/ adv. 仍然,然而,不过;
substantial
/səbˈstænʃl/ adj. 大量的,价值巨大的;牢固的,结实的;基本的,实质性的;
精听党文化拓展
硅谷银行专注于服务高科技企业和未盈利的初创企业的融资需求,疫情初期,美联储大放水,2020-2021年美联储基准利率只有0-0.25%,融资成本极低,银行获得息差的空间不大,为了取得更高额的利润,硅谷银行选择购买传统意义上风险相对较小的美债和MBS。大放水后通胀加剧,美联储的行为使得美元流动性大幅收缩,过去一年科创企业备受打击,估值缩水严重,直接融资难度加大,对传统的银行融资依赖程度提升。
上述是从宏观面上进行的分析,硅谷银行的风险与该公司的经营理念、治理结构,尤其是风险处置技术是密切相关的。硅谷银行资产盲目扩张后,公司治理没有跟上,风险预警等措施失当,以及流动性危机出现后的解决方案欠妥,也都是其破产的直接诱因。
从美国政府目前采取的措施看,是相当果断的,算是汲取2008金融危机教训。根据美国财长耶伦、美联储主席鲍威尔和美国联邦存款保险公司(FDIC)主席马丁发表联合声明,FDIC和美联储的董事会在与美国总统拜登协商后,批准了FDIC对SVB的决议。
声明称,美国正在采取果断行动,通过增强公众对美国银行体系的信心来保护美国经济。新闻也提及硅谷银行的储户将从13日开始可以提取他们的存款,美国政府用实际行动来支撑存款,并阻止硅谷银行破产带来更广泛的金融影响。
精听党每日美句
A man is only as good as what he loves.
一个人要用他所爱的东西有多好来衡量。
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